Intracapsular versus extracapsular tonsil surgery: Comparison of postoperative haemorrhage outcomes in the Australasian setting.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and timing of postoperative haemorrhage between intracapsular (ICT) and extracapsular tonsillectomy (ECT) techniques and evaluate factors influencing haemorrhage risk and severity.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing tonsillectomy over 5 years across otolaryngology services in Australia and New Zealand. Primary outcomes were rate and timing of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.

Button battery injury: An update.

Background: Paediatric button battery injuries present a challenge in the general practice setting. Although some children present with history or parental suspicion of button battery ingestion (BBI) or insertion, unwitnessed cases may present with non-specific symptoms that can mimic many respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies.

Objective: The aim of this article is to increase awareness of the fast onset of life-threatening tissue injury from BBI and the importance of timely referral as well as provide an update on current management, including first aid management in the general practice setting.

Management of oesophageal impaction of button batteries in Queensland.

Background: Oesophageal button battery impaction (OBBI) is a medical emergency requiring timely removal due to rapid oesophageal tissue injury. The aim of this study was to characterize circumstances of OBBI and identify potential barriers to timely removal of button batteries (BB) in the paediatric population.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of OBBI cases between January 2018 to June 2019.

Cognitive parameters in children with mild obstructive sleep disordered breathing.

Purpose: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children is commonly described as a continuum from primary snoring (PS) to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), based on apnea indices from polysomnography (PSG). This study evaluated the difference in neurocognitive and behavioral parameters, prior to treatment, in symptomatic pre-school children with PSG-diagnosed OSA and PS.

Methods: All children had positive Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) results and were deemed suitable for adenotonsillectomy by an ENT surgeon.

Airway Microbiology in Tracheostomized Children.

Background: Potentially pathogenic microorganisms are frequently isolated from tracheostomized children, although evidence for empirical therapy of respiratory exacerbation is limited. We aimed to describe upper airway microbiology as found on endotracheal aspirate (ETA) in tracheostomized children and to correlate it with lower airway microbiology through bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records and airway microbiology of all tracheostomized children under the follow-up care of Queensland Children's Hospital.

Laryngeal amyloidosis.

Purpose Of Review: Laryngeal amyloidosis is a rare hematological disorder of plasma cells. The cause is still considered idiopathic. The otolaryngology literature predominantly comprises case reports and short series.

igh-flow oxygen for children's irway surgery: randoied controlld rial protocol (HAMSTER).

Introduction: Hypoxaemia during anaesthesia for tubeless upper airway surgery in children with abnormal airways is common due to the complexity of balancing adequate depth of anaesthesia with maintenance of spontaneous breathing and providing an uninterrupted field of view of the upper airway for the surgeon. High-flow nasal oxygenation (HIGH-FLOW) can prolong safe apnoea time and be used in children with abnormal airways but to date has not been compared with the alternative technique of low-flow nasal oxygenation (LOW-FLOW). The aim is to investigate if use of HIGH-FLOW can reduce the number of hypoxaemic events requiring rescue oxygenation compared with LOW-FLOW.

Paediatric inhaled airway foreign bodies: An update.

Background: Given the often subacute nature of airway foreign bodies (AFB), which may have no or limited symptoms, patients with AFB sometimes present to general practitioners (GPs). It is important that AFB are promptly recognised and referred for appropriate tertiary management.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to outline how AFB may present in the general practice setting and review the appropriate clinical work-up and tertiary referral.

Impact of paediatric tonsillectomy perioperative management on pain, nausea and recovery: A prospective cohort study.

Aim: Tonsillectomy procedures are a core element of paediatrics; however, perioperative management differs. This study aimed to describe tonsillectomy management, including the burden of pain, nausea and delayed recovery.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was undertaken through an audit of tonsillectomy perioperative practice and recovery and survey interviews with family members 7-14 days post-surgery.

Mouse Metanephric Mesenchymal Cell-Derived Angioblasts Undergo Vasculogenesis in Three-Dimensional Culture.

In vitro models for the investigation of renal vascular development are limited. We previously showed that isolated metanephric mesenchymal (MM) and ureteric bud (UB) cells grown in three-dimensional (3D) matrices formed organoids that consisted of primitive vascular structures surrounding a polarized epithelium. Here, we examined the potential of two principal effectors of vasculogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and platelet-derived growth factor B chain (PDGF-BB), to stimulate MM cell differentiation.

A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Juvenile-Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis After Implementation of a National HPV Vaccination Program.

Background: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a rare but morbid disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. Infection is preventable through HPV vaccination. Following an extensive quadrivalent HPV vaccination program (females 12-26 years in 2007-2009) in Australia, we established a method to monitor incidence and demographics of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) cases.

Rationale for and design of the "POSTA" study: Evaluation of neurocognitive outcomes after immediate adenotonsillectomy compared to watchful waiting in preschool children.

Background: IQ deficits are linked to even mild obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in children. Although OSA is commonly first diagnosed in the pre-school age group, a randomised trial is still needed to assess IQ outcomes after adenotonsillectomy in the pre-school age-group. This randomised control trial (RCT) will primarily determine whether adenotonsillectomy improves IQ compared to no adenotonsillectomy after 12 months, in preschool (3-5 year-old) children with mild to moderate OSA.

Bilateral vocal cord palsy causing stridor as the only symptom of syringomyelia and Chiari I malformation, a case report.

Introduction: Bilateral vocal cord palsy is a condition which has many causes (Gupta et al., 2012) [1]. Syringomyelia is an uncommon condition which describes the formation of fluid filled cavity, occupying the spinal cord (Chang, 2003) [2].

Reciprocal induction of simple organogenesis by mouse kidney progenitor cells in three-dimensional co-culture.

Kidney development is regulated by a coordinated reciprocal induction of metanephric mesenchymal (MM) and ureteric bud (UB) cells. Here, established MM and UB progenitor cell lines were recombined in three-dimensional Matrigel implants in SCID mice. Differentiation potential was examined for changes in phenotype, organization, and the presence of specialized proteins using immunofluorescence and bright-field and electron microscopy.