Effects of knockout on energy chain transportation and spermatogenesis: implications for male infertility.

Study Question: Is the mutation causative for male infertility?

Summary Answer: Our collected data underline the complex and devastating effect of the single-gene mutation on the testicular molecular network, leading to male reproductive failure.

What Is Known Already: Recent data have revealed mutations in genes related to axonemal dynein arms as causative for morphology and motility abnormalities in spermatozoa of infertile males, including dysplasia of fibrous sheath (DFS) and multiple morphological abnormalities in the sperm flagella (MMAF). The nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) coordinates the dynein arm activity and is built from the DRC1-DRC7 proteins.

Pattern Distribution of Connexins in the Ortho- and Parakeratinized Epithelium of the Lingual Mucosa in Birds.

Connexins are important proteins involved in cell-to-cell communication and cytodifferentiation during renewal and cornification of the multilayered epithelia. So far, there is a lack of reports on this subject in birds' structurally different ortho- and parakeratinized epithelium of the tongue. The study aims to describe the distribution and expression profiles of the α-connexins (Cx40 and 43) and β-connexins (Cx26, 30, and 31) in those epithelia in duck, goose, and domestic turkey.

Alpha-Keratin, Keratin-Associated Proteins and Transglutaminase 1 Are Present in the Ortho- and Parakeratinized Epithelium of the Avian Tongue.

The lingual mucosa in birds is covered with two specific types of multilayered epithelia, i.e., the para- and orthokeratinized epithelium, that differ structurally and functionally.

Three-dimensional characteristic of fungiform papillae and its taste buds in European bison (Bison bonasus), cattle (Bos taurus), and Bison bonasus hybrid.

Background: Our recent macro- and scanning electron microscopic study of tongue conducted on domesticated cattle, wild living European bison, and Bison bonasus hybrid revealed various spatial arrangement and number of gustatory and mechanical papillae between parental species and their hybrid. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy analysis of gustatory papillae indicated the variable distribution of fungiform papillae (Fu) over the surface of the tongue, which could be significant in differentiated taste perception during feeding in studied wild living and domesticated husbandry ruminants. To specify the detailed microstructure of Fu papillae with connective tissue cores (CTC) and intraepithelial taste buds system, the first time the three-dimensional computer-aided analysis of serial histoslides resulted in the rendering of 3D reconstructions of Fu papillae.

Unique pattern of histogenesis of the parakeratinized epithelium on lingual prominence in the domestic goose embryos (Anser anser f. domestica).

A triangular lingual prominence (LP) is a characteristic part of the tongue in Anseriformes containing adipose tissue. The parakeratinized epithelium (PEp) covers the LP. Studies aimed to describe the histogenesis of PEp during the process of the intensive formation of the LP in domestic goose during embryonic period and to determine the structural readiness to perform a protective function.

Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism of the Muscle Spindles and Intrafusal Muscle Fibers in the Medial Gastrocnemius of Male and Female Rats.

This study sought to investigate the sexual dimorphism of muscle spindles in rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The muscles were cut transversely into 5-10 and 20 μm thick serial sections and the number, density, and morphometric properties of the muscle spindles were determined. There was no significant difference ( > 0.

Microstructural changes of the wall of uterine horn in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) during postnatal development.

The study describes the details of histological changes occurring during the postnatal development of the wall of the uterine horn in the European shorthair domestic cat. Light microscope observations and morphometric analysis were carried out to investigate the rate of development of the wall of the uterine horns in order to estimate the maturing time. Uterine horns of newborn and 1week-old cats are fetal-like and showing smooth, nonfolded endometrium lined with pseudostratified epithelium, deprived of uterine glands, and poorly developed two-layered myometrium.

Functional morphology of the tongue in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo var. domesticus).

Nowadays, microstructural and ultrastructural analysis of organs of the avian beak cavity points to new aspects of adaptation to food intake through the various feeding groups. These data should undoubtedly be considered in the time of mass production of compound feed in poultry, when many studies analyze the optimal size of food particles and their doses. Galliformes possess complex mechanisms of food collection and transport in the beak cavity.

Macro- and microscopic study on the tongue and lingual papillae of Bison bonasus hybrid as an interspecific species (Bos taurus × Bison bonasus).

Nowadays the processes of crossing of different mammalian species are well characterized in light of genetics, and possibility of reproduction. Generally, lack detailed studies on changes in anatomy and histology of internal systems of hybrids. Bison bonasus hybrid is an interspecific species between the bull of European bison (Bison bonasus), and female of domesticated cattle (Bos taurus).

Innervation of internal female genital organs in the pig during prenatal development.

This study investigated the innervation of internal genital organs in 5-, 7- and 10-week-old female pig foetuses using single and double-labelling immunofluorescence methods. The structure and topography of the organs was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The investigations revealed differences in the innervation between the three developmental periods.

Alpha-keratin and corneous beta protein in the parakeratinized epithelium of the tongue in the domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica).

The parakeratinized epithelium is a common epithelium in the oral cavity in birds and is characterized by the presence of cell nuclei in the cells of the cornified layer. This epithelium covers almost the entire dorsal surface of the tongue in the domestic goose apart of the lingual nail and conical papillae. So far no study has identified the molecular proteins alpha-keratin (IF-keratin) and/or corneous beta protein (CBP), which are responsible for keratinization or cornification processes in the parakeratinized epithelium of domestic geese.

Ultrastructural study of uterine epithelium in the domestic cat during prenatal development.

The study describes the sequence of ultrastructural changes of the endometrial lining epithelium, first in the primordial paramesonephric ducts, then in the differentiating uterine horns, and finally in the mature uterus. The research material comprised female fetuses of the domestic cat, aged 33-63 days post conceptionem (p.c.

Morphology and topography of internal reproductive organs in the female cat during prenatal and postnatal development: Scanning electron microscope and three-dimensional reconstruction study.

The study describes the morphology and topography of internal reproductive organs in the domestic cat from the early prenatal period to maturity, using macroscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. Fifty-seven female cat fetuses aged between the 27th and 63rd day postconception (p.c.

Embryonic development of parakeratinized epithelium of the tongue in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica): LM, SEM, and TEM observations.

The parakeratinized epithelium is a common and widespread type of keratinized epithelium in the oral cavity in adult birds. In contrast to orthokeratinized epithelium, which mostly covers mechanical papillae and the lingual nail, parakeratinized epithelium covers almost the entire dorsal surface of the tongue in birds. The characteristic feature of parakeratinized epithelium is the presence of nuclei in the keratinized layer.

Ultrastructural study on the embryonic development of the orthokeratinized epithelium and its cornified layer (lingual nail) on the ventral surface of the lingual apex in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica).

The lingual nail as the cornified layer of the orthokeratinized epithelium in birds is responsible for the collection of solid food by pecking. The aim of the present study is to determine the manner of orthokeratinized epithelium development and assess the degree of readiness of the epithelium to fulfill its mechanical function at hatching. Three developmental phases are distinguished, i.

The development of lingual glands in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica): 3D-reconstruction, LM, and SEM study.

The major salivary glands of birds develop by branching or elongation of the epithelial cords. The development of the minor salivary glands in form of the lingual glands has never been described. Among birds, only Anatidae have three types of the lingual glands: rostral, caudo-lateral, and caudo-medial lingual glands.

Localization of Alpha-Keratin and Beta-Keratin (Corneous Beta Protein) in the Epithelium on the Ventral Surface of the Lingual Apex and Its Lingual Nail in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. domestica) by Using Immunohistochemistry and Raman Microspectroscopy Analysis.

The epithelium of the ventral surface of the apex of the tongue in most birds is specified by the presence of the special superficial layer called lingual nail. The aim of the present study is to determine the localization of the alpha-keratin and beta-keratin (corneous beta protein) in this special epithelium in the domestic goose by using immunohistochemistry staining and the Raman spectroscopy analysis. Due to lack of commercially available antibodies to detect beta-keratin (corneous beta protein), the Raman spectroscopy was used as a specific tool to detect and describe the secondary structure of proteins.

Morphofunctional study of the tongue in the domestic duck (, Anatidae): LM and SEM study.

The domestic duck, as a representative of birds living in the water, is considered as a specialist filter-feeder. Behavioral observations of foraging revealed that these birds also use a terrestrial feeding mechanism such as grazing and pecking. This study examined the entirety of the lingual mucosa in relation to the structural adaptations required for this range of feeding activities.

The relationship between adipocyte size and the transcript levels of SNAP23, BSCL2 and COPA genes in pigs.

Breed-specific differences in fat tissue accumulation in the pig provide an opportunity to study the genetic background of this process. In the present study three pig breeds, differing in fatness, were analyzed in terms of the size of adipocytes derived from three tissues (subcutaneous, visceral and longissimus dorsi muscle) in relation to transcript levels of genes (SNAP23, BSCL2 and COPA), which encode proteins involved in lipid droplet formation. The analysis of adipocyte size revealed significant effects of breed and tissue and confirmed earlier reports that an elevated backfat thickness in some pig breeds is correlated with a larger adipocyte size.

Development of mechanical papillae of the tongue in the domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica) during the embryonic period.

Three types of mechanical papillae, i.e., conical, filiform, and hair-like papillae, are present on the tongue in the domestic goose.

Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy study on microstructure of gallbladder mucosa in pig.

The present light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on porcine gallbladder mucosa provide a description of the microstructures of great functional importance such as mucosal folds, the epithelium, glands, and lymphatic nodules. The results showed the regional structural differences of the porcine gallbladder wall. Depending on the part of the gallbladder, three types of mucosal structures were described: simple and branched folds and mucosal crypts.

Testicular disorder of sex development in four cats with a male karyotype (38,XY; SRY-positive).

The molecular background of disorders of sex development (DSD) in cats is poorly recognized. In this study we present cytogenetic, molecular and histological analyses of four cats subjected for the analysis due to ambiguous external genitalia. Three cases, with rudimentary penises and an abnormal position of the urethral orifice, represented different types of hypospadias.

LM and TEM study of the orthokeratinized and parakeratinized epithelium of the tongue in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica).

The previous histological studies of the lingual mucosa in birds characterized two types of keratinized epithelium, i.e. orthokeratinized and parakeratinized.

Angioarchitecture of gallbladder in pig: LM and SEM study on vascular microcorrosion casts.

The study focused on the description of pig gallbladder angioarchitecture, with particular emphasis on the specifics of the course of blood vessels in individual layers of the gallbladder wall. Furthermore, the vascular systems of the pig gallbladder were analyzed in terms of the adaptation of this organ to changes in its volume during cyclical bile storage and discharge. The gallbladder is supplied by the cystic artery, which in the pig represents a mixed pinnate and bipinnate pattern of branching.