Measurements of Normalized Differential Cross Sections of Inclusive η Production in e^{+}e^{-} Annihilation at Energy from 2.0000 to 3.6710 GeV.

Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, the cross section of the inclusive process e^{+}e^{-}→η+X, normalized by the total cross section of e^{+}e^{-}→hadrons, is measured at eight center-of-mass energy points from 2.0000 to 3.6710 GeV.

Site-Specific O-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Impact on Immune and Autoimmune Responses.

The world-wide COVID-19 pandemic has promoted a series of alternative vaccination strategies aiming to elicit neutralizing adaptive immunity in the human host. However, restricted efficacies of these vaccines targeting epitopes on the spike (S) protein that is involved in primary viral entry were observed and putatively assigned to viral glycosylation as an effective escape mechanism. Besides the well-recognized N-glycan shield covering SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) proteins, immunization strategies may be hampered by heavy O-glycosylation and variable O-glycosites fluctuating depending on the organ sites of primary infection and those involved in immunization.

Revised structure model of norovirus-binding fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida: oligofucose chains branch off from a β6-galactane.

Fucoidans are discussed as antiviral agents, and fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (UpF), in particular has gained interest as potential food additive in antinoroviral strategies. As the competitive blocking activity of antinoroviral agents increases with the valency of terminal nonreducing fucose on the competitor, an effective processing of fucoidans to inhibitory oligosaccharides will depend on basic structural features of the polysaccharide. We demonstrate increased antiviral binding activity of processed low-mass UpF generated by hydrothermal degradation contrasting with decreased efficacy of low-mass fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus.

Recombinant norovirus capsid protein VP1 (GII.4) expressed in H5 insect cells exhibits post-translational modifications with potential impact on lectin activity and vaccine design.

Although surface proteins of most enveloped viruses are glycosylated, among non-enveloped viruses only few express glycoproteins in their capsid as infective virions. Noroviruses belong to the latter group and are known to express one major capsid protein (VP1) that lacks genuine glycosylation. In the context of vaccine development based on virus-like particles (VLPs) and in searches for food additives offering potential prophylactic or therapeutic applications an increasing number of reports refers to the use of VLPs that were produced as secretory products in insect cells.

Sensitive asprosin detection in clinical samples reveals serum/saliva correlation and indicates cartilage as source for serum asprosin.

The C-terminal pro-fibrillin-1 propeptide asprosin is described as white adipose tissue derived hormone that stimulates rapid hepatic glucose release and activates hunger-promoting hypothalamic neurons. Numerous studies proposed correlations of asprosin levels with clinical parameters. However, the enormous variability of reported serum and plasma asprosin levels illustrates the need for sensitive and reliable detection methods in clinical samples.

Fucoidan and Derived Oligo-Fucoses: Structural Features with Relevance in Competitive Inhibition of Gastrointestinal Norovirus Binding.

Norovirus infections belong to the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide and epidemic outbreaks are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. In humans, noroviruses are known to bind to gastrointestinal epithelia via recognition of blood-group active mucin-type O-glycans. Considering the involvement of l-α-fucose residues in these glycans, their high valency on epithelial surfaces far surpasses the low affinity, though specific interactions of monovalent milk oligosaccharides.

Novel Class of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Based on 6'-Galactosyllactose Containing -Acetylglucosamine Branches Extended by Oligogalactoses.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted much attention in recent years not only as a prebiotic factor but also in particular as an essential component of infant nutrition in relation to their impact on innate immunity. The backbone structures of complex HMOs generally contain single or repetitive lacto--biose (type 1) or lactosamine (type 2) units in either linear or branched chains extending from a lactose core. While all known branched structures originate from the 3,6-substitution of the lactosyl core galactose, we here describe a new class of HMOs that tentatively branch at the terminal galactose of 6'-galactosyllactose.

Loss of zebrafish atp6v1e1b, encoding a subunit of vacuolar ATPase, recapitulates human ARCL type 2C syndrome and identifies multiple pathobiological signatures.

The inability to maintain a strictly regulated endo(lyso)somal acidic pH through the proton-pumping action of the vacuolar-ATPases (v-ATPases) has been associated with various human diseases including heritable connective tissue disorders. Autosomal recessive (AR) cutis laxa (CL) type 2C syndrome is associated with genetic defects in the ATP6V1E1 gene and is characterized by skin wrinkles or loose redundant skin folds with pleiotropic systemic manifestations. The underlying pathological mechanisms leading to the clinical presentations remain largely unknown.

Echovirus-30 Infection Alters Host Proteins in Lipid Rafts at the Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier In Vitro.

Echovirus-30 (E-30) is a non-polio enterovirus responsible for meningitis outbreaks in children worldwide. To gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), E-30 first has to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). E-30 may use lipid rafts of the host cells to interact with and to invade the BCSFB.

Complex Repetitive Discharges: A Sign of Motor Axonal Reinnervation?

Complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) are poorly understood phenomena in needle electromyography (EMG) recordings. The data presented here suggest that CRDs may mainly be a sign of motor unit reinnervation. EMG "video" data of 108 CRDs from neurogenic (ND, = 39) and myogenic (MD, = 14) disorders were retrospectively analyzed for cycle duration, potential-free time intervals, spike components (SC), maximum amplitudes, blockade, and increased jitter.

Biotechnologically produced fucosylated oligosaccharides inhibit the binding of human noroviruses to their natural receptors.

Norovirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis in millions of people every year. Infection requires the recognition of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), but such interactions can be inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as structurally-similar decoys. HMO supplements could help to prevent norovirus infections, but the industrial production of complex HMOs is challenging.

Oligosaccharides and Viral Infection: Human Milk Oligosaccharides versus Algal Fucan-Type Polysaccharides.

Norovirus infections belong to the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide, and epidemic outbreaks are responsible for hundreds of thousands deaths annually. Strikingly, no antiviral treatment is available due to the difficulty in cultivating virions or in generating a vaccine, and due to the fact that their infection mechanisms are poorly understood. However, there is consent that noroviruses bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on their way through the digestive tract.

Fluorinated Galactoses Inhibit Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase and Metabolically Induce Galactosemia-like Phenotypes in HEK-293 Cells.

Genetic defects of human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and the partial loss of enzyme function result in an altered galactose metabolism with serious long-term developmental impairment of organs in classic galactosemia patients. In search for cellular pathomechanisms induced by the stressor galactose, we looked for ways to induce metabolically a galactosemia-like phenotype by GALT inhibition in HEK293 cells. In kinetic studies, we provide evidence for 2-fluorinated galactose-1-phosphate (F-Gal-1-P) to competitively inhibit recombinant GALT with a K of 0.

Redox Proteomes in Human Physiology and Disease Mechanisms.

Redox proteomics is a field of proteomics that is concerned with the characterization of the oxidation state of proteins to gain information about their modulated structure, function, activity, and involvement in different physiological pathways. Oxidative modifications of proteins have been shown to be implicated in normal physiological processes of cells as well as in pathomechanisms leading to the development of cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and some rare hereditary metabolic diseases, like classic galactosemia. Reactive oxygen species generate a variety of reversible and irreversible modifications in amino acid residue side chains and within the protein backbone.

Pandemic GII.4 Sydney and Epidemic GII.17 Kawasaki308 Noroviruses Display Distinct Specificities for Histo-Blood Group Antigens Leading to Different Transmission Vector Dynamics in Pacific Oysters.

Noroviruses are the major cause of foodborne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, which are often linked to raw oyster consumption. Previous studies have suggested histo-blood group antigens (HBGA)-like structures in the oyster tissues as ligands for norovirus binding and persistence. To better understand how oysters function as vectors for the most common human noroviruses, we first tested the ability of the norovirus strains GI.

[Cobalamin deficiency in dogs and cats].

Cobalamin is a member of the B-group of vitamins and a cofactor for metabolic processes like nucleic acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the citric acid cycle. Mammals are unable to synthesize cobalamin and therefore rely on adequate food intake. Cobalamin absorption is a complex process in the stomach, duodenum, and ileum, requiring a functional exocrine pancreas.

Functional Roles of -Glycosylation.

-Glycosylation in general has impact on a diversity of biological processes covering cellular aspects (targeted transport of glycoproteins), molecular aspects (protein conformation, resistance to proteolysis), and aspects involved in cellular communication (cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction). [..

Diagnosis of feline pancreatitis with SNAP fPL and Spec fPL.

Objectives: Pancreatitis is a frequent disease in cats for which the ante-mortem diagnosis remains challenging. Feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) has been reported to have a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to compare the rapid in-house test SNAP fPL with the standard test Spec fPL and to evaluate the use of SNAP fPL to diagnose pancreatitis in an emergency setting.

Avidity of α-fucose on human milk oligosaccharides and blood group-unrelated oligo/polyfucoses is essential for potent norovirus-binding targets.

There is agreement with respect to norovirus infection routes in humans regarding binding of the pathogen to gastrointestinal epithelia via recognition of blood group-active mucin-typeglycans as the initiating and essential event. Among food additives playing a potential role in applications to protect newborns, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) as competitors are of major importance. By focusing on fractions of high-molecular mass HMOs with high fucose contents, we attempted to identify the structural elements required for norovirus GII.

The Double Face of Mucin-Type O-Glycans in Lectin-Mediated Infection and Immunity.

Epithelial human blood group antigens (HBGAs) on O-glycans play roles in pathogen binding and the initiation of infection, while similar structures on secretory mucins exert protective functions. These double-faced features of O-glycans in infection and innate immunity are reviewed based on two instructive examples of bacterial and viral pathogens. represents a class 1 carcinogen in the human stomach.

The metabolic and endocrine characteristics in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.

Objective: Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by an abnormal expansion of the CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene. This study aimed to systematically phenotype a German SBMA cohort (n = 80) based on laboratory markers for neuromuscular, metabolic, and endocrine status, and thus provide a basis for the selection of biomarkers for future therapeutic trials.

Methods: We assessed a panel of 28 laboratory parameters.

Autosomal Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease-MUC1 Type: Differential Proteomics Suggests that Mutated MUC1 (insC) Affects Vesicular Transport in Renal Epithelial Cells.

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease associated to the MUC1 gene (ADTKD-MUC1; formerly MCKD1) belongs to a heterogeneous group of rare hereditary kidney diseases that is prototypically caused by frameshift mutations in the MUC1 repeat domain. The mutant MUC1 (insC) lacks the transmembrane domaine, exhibits aberant cellular topology, and hence might gain a function during the pathological process. To get insight into potential pathomechanisms we perform differential proteomics of extracellular vesicles shed by renal epithelia into the urine of patients.