A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study of spleen volume and Crohn disease.

In observational studies, there has been an association found between spleen volume and Crohn disease. We conducted a two-way, two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to determine whether these associations have a causal relationship. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (P < 5 × 10-8) were used as instrumental variables for spleen volume and Crohn disease.

Ligand- and Substrate-Controlled Chemodivergent Pd-Catalyzed Annulations of Cyclic β-Keto Esters with 3-Aryl-2-azirines.

Chemodivergent Pd-catalyzed annulations of cyclic β-keto esters with 3-aryl-2-azirines have been developed to provide rapid access to eight-membered ring lactams, bicyclic 3,4-dihydro-2-pyrrole derivatives, and ()-methyl [2-(2-oxocyclohexylidene)-2-phenylethyl]carbamates with high efficiency. The chemoselectivity can be determined by tuning the mono- or bisphosphine ligands as well as the substrate structure of cyclic β-keto esters.

Cascade Reaction of 2-Naphthols and Azirines: One-Pot Synthesis of C-3 Naphthol-Substituted Benzo[]indoles.

A copper-catalyzed annulation of 3-aryl-2-azirines with 2-naphthols has been developed for the rapid assembly of C-3-naphthol-substituted benzo[]indoles in one pot. This cascade reaction was realized through dearomatic nucleophilic ring opening of azirine, intramolecular cyclization, and oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling to furnish the important unreported π-expanded naphthol/benzo[]indole biaryls.