Large-scale screens identify a 19-Gene MitoScore for improved risk assessment in acute myeloid leukemia.

Background: AML exhibits substantial molecular and genetic heterogeneity. Therefore, identifying key biological processes and related genes involved in the pathogenesis, as well as contributing to therapeutic resistance, is imperative for enhancing clinical outcomes. However, the assessment of mitochondrial function in AML has gradually been acknowledged but has not been widely emphasized.

MRD-directed and risk-adapted individualized stratified treatment of AML.

Measurable residual disease (MRD) has been widely recognized as a biomarker for deeply evaluating complete remission (CR), predicting relapse, guiding pre-emptive interventions, and serving as an endpoint surrogate for drug testing. However, despite the emergence of new technologies, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the proper techniques, sample materials, and optimal time points for MRD assessment. In this review, we summarized the MRD methods, sample sources, and evaluation frequency according to the risk category of the European Leukemia Net (ELN) 2022.

Molecular classification of small cell lung cancer subtypes: Characteristics, prognostic factors, and clinical translation.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant tumor with a very poor prognosis; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed for patients afflicted with the disease. In recent years, emerging molecular classifications based on key transcription factors of SCLC have provided more information on the tumor pathophysiology, metastasis, immune microenvironment, and acquired therapeutic resistance and reflected the intertumoral heterogeneity of the various SCLC phenotypes. Additionally, advances in genomics and single-cell sequencing analysis have further revealed the high intratumoral heterogeneity and plasticity of the disease.

Association Between Visceral Fat Area and Cancer Prognosis: A Population-Based Multicenter Prospective Study.

Background: Diverse indicators have been used to represent adipose tissue, while the relationship between body adipose mass and the prognosis of patients with cancer remains controversial.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the indicators of optimal body composition that represent body fat mass to predict risk of cancer-related mortality.

Methods: We conducted a population-based multicenter prospective cohort study of patients with initial cancer between February 2012 and September 2020.

Epidermal growth factor receptor compound and concomitant mutations: advances in precision treatment strategies.

Epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutations are common oncogenic driver mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The application of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is beneficial for patients with advanced and early-stage NSCLC. With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, numerous patients have been found to have more than one genetic mutation in addition to a single EGFR mutation; however, the efficacy of conventional EGFR-TKIs and the optimal treatments for such patients remain largely unknown.

Clonal evolution characteristics and reduced dimension prognostic model for non-metastatic metachronous bilateral breast cancer.

Background: How to evaluate the prognosis and develop overall treatment strategies of metachronous bilateral breast cancer (MBBC) remains confused in clinical. Here, we investigated the correlation between clonal evolution and clinical characteristics of MBBC; we aim to establish a novel prognostic model in these patients.

Methods: The data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and the First Hospital of Jilin University were analyzed for breast cancer-specific cumulative mortality (BCCM) by competing risk model.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-special immunity and immunotherapy.

Alterations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase () gene play a key role in the development of various human tumors, and targeted therapy has transformed the treatment paradigm for these oncogene-driven tumors. However, primary or acquired resistance remains a challenge. gene variants (such as gene rearrangements and mutations) also play a key role in the tumor immune microenvironment.

Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Home Parenteral Nutrition for Incurable Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients.

Background: Appropriate nutritional support, including supplemental home parenteral nutrition (sHPN), may improve prognosis and quality of life (Qol) of malnourished cancer patients. We aimed to explore the cost-effectiveness of sHPN for incurable gastrointestinal cancer patients from the Chinese healthcare perspective.

Method: Clinical data were extracted from a randomized controlled trial (NCT02066363).

The Role of Graphene Oxide Nanocarriers in Treating Gliomas.

Gliomas are the most common primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system, and their conventional treatment involves maximal safe surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy; however, this treatment does not meet the requirements of patients in terms of survival and quality of life. Graphene oxide (GO) has excellent physical and chemical properties and plays an important role in the treatment of gliomas mainly through four applications, viz. direct killing, drug delivery, immunotherapy, and phototherapy.

A case of successful pembrolizumab monotherapy in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: Use of multiple biomarkers in combination for clinical practice.

Clinical treatment is challenging for elderly patients with lung cancer who cannot tolerate chemotherapy, do not have cancer driver genes, and have low expression of PD-L1. Since these patients are usually excluded from clinical studies, evidence-based medicine supporting the use of immunotherapy is lacking. Considering the potentially limited clinical benefits and high associated risk of hyperprogressive disease, determining an appropriate treatment is an urgent clinical challenge.

Coexisting opportunities and challenges: In which scenarios can minimal/measurable residual disease play a role in advanced non-small cell lung cancer?

Curative therapy was not previously available for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); thus, the concept of minimal/measurable (or molecular) residual disease (MRD) was not applicable to these patients. However, advances in targeted and immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment landscape for patients with advanced NSCLC, with emerging evidence of long-term survival and even the hope of complete remission (CR) by imaging examination. The latest research shows that patients with oligometastatic lung cancer can benefit from local treatment.

Research Progress and Challenges in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignant tumors and has high morbidity and mortality rates. Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis is one of the most frequent complications in patients with NSCLC and seriously affects the quality of life (QOL) and overall survival (OS) of patients, with a median OS of untreated patients of only 1-3 months. There are various treatment methods for NSCLC CNS metastasis, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, which do not meet the requirements of patients in terms of improving OS and QOL.

Focused evaluation of the roles of macrophages in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy associated cytokine release syndrome.

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major obstacle to the widespread clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. CRS can also be induced by infections (such as SARS-CoV-2), drugs (such as therapeutic antibodies), and some autoimmune diseases. Myeloid-derived macrophages play key roles in the pathogenesis of CRS, and participate in the production and release of the core CRS cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and interferon-γ.

The promising role of antibody drug conjugate in cancer therapy: Combining targeting ability with cytotoxicity effectively.

Introduction: Traditional cancer therapy has many disadvantages such as low selectivity and high toxicity of chemotherapy, as well as insufficient efficacy of targeted therapy. To enhance the cytotoxic effect and targeting ability, while reducing the toxicity of antitumor drugs, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) was developed to deliver small molecular cytotoxic payloads directly to tumor cells by binding to specific antibodies via linkers.

Method: By reviewing published literature and the current progress of ADCs, we aimed to summarize the basic characteristics, clinical progress, and challenges of ADCs to provide a reference for clinical practice and further research.

Clinical challenges in neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a type of immunotherapy, have become one of the most important therapeutic options for first- and second-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent clinical studies have shown that immunotherapy can offer substantial survival benefits to patients with early-stage or resectable advanced NSCLC. However, considering the importance of timing when using ICIs and their associated adverse events (AEs), the advantages and disadvantages of using these agents need to be weighed carefully when deciding the use of a combined treatment.

The Role of the Transcription Factor EGR1 in Cancer.

Early growth response factor 1 (EGR1) is a transcription factor that is mainly involved in the processes of tissue injury, immune responses, and fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that EGR1 is closely related to the initiation and progression of cancer and may participate in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and in tumor angiogenesis. Nonetheless, the specific mechanism whereby EGR1 modulates these processes remains to be elucidated.

Comprehensive Comparison Between Adjuvant Targeted Therapy and Chemotherapy for EGFR-Mutant NSCLC Patients: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Background: Chemotherapy has been the current standard adjuvant treatment for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, while recent studies showed benefits of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to comprehensively evaluate the benefit of EGFR-TKI compared with chemotherapy for early-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients after resection from the perspective of the Chinese health care system.

Method: A Markov model was established.

Precision Detection Technology: Equipping Precision Oncology with Wings.

In recent years, precision medical detection techniques experienced a rapid transformation from low-throughput to high-throughput genomic sequencing, from multicell promiscuous detection to single-cell precision sequencing. The emergence of liquid biopsy technology has compensated for the many limitations of tissue biopsy, leading to a tremendous transformation in precision detection. Precision detection techniques contribute to monitoring disease development more closely, evaluating therapeutic effects more scientifically, and developing new targets and new drugs.

Advances and challenges in immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly lethal disease, characterized by early metastasis and rapid growth, and no effective treatment after relapse. Etoposide-platinum (EP) combination has been the backbone therapy of SCLC over the past 30 years. It is extremely urgent and important to seek new therapies for SCLC.

[Advances in Combination Therapy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Lung Cancer].

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy is the most commonly used immunotherapy regimen at present. It has been approved for clinical treatment of melanoma, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer and other tumors. It has made a breakthrough in the treatment of lung cancer and become a new pillar of comprehensive treatment of lung cancer.

Anatomic Landmarks for Localization of the Vertical Segment of Facial Nerve on Multislice CT Multiplanar Reconstruction Images.

The facial nerve decompression via mastoid is simple and easy to expose the vertical segment of the facial nerve (VFN). The objective of this study was to find out the relationship between the VFN and anatomic landmarks to facilitate prediction of the location of VFN during facial nerve decompression. The different landmarks were cochlear window (CW), oval window (OW), promontorium tympani (PT), and mastoid antrum (MA).