Salmonella Typhimurium exploits host polyamines for assembly of the type 3 secretion machinery.

Bacterial pathogens utilize the factors of their hosts to infect them, but which factors they exploit remain poorly defined. Here, we show that a pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) exploits host polyamines for the functional expression of virulence factors. An STm mutant strain lacking principal genes required for polyamine synthesis and transport exhibited impaired infectivity in mice.

pathogenicity island-14 is a critical virulence factor responsible for systemic infection in chickens caused by .

serovar Gallinarum () is an important host-specific pathogen that causes fowl typhoid, a severe systemic, septicemic, and fatal infection, in chickens. causes high morbidity and mortality in chickens and poses a significant burden and economic losses to the poultry industry in many developing countries. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms of -induced systemic infection in chickens remain poorly understood.

The CpxRA two-component system of adherent and invasive contributes to epithelial cell invasion and early-stage intestinal fitness in a dysbiotic mouse model mediated by type 1 fimbriae expression.

Adherent and invasive (AIEC) is a pathobiont that is involved in the onset and exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Although the inducible expression of virulence traits is a critical step for AIEC colonization in the host, the mechanism underlying AIEC colonization remains largely unclear. We here showed that the two-component signal transduction system CpxRA contributes to AIEC gut competitive colonization by activating type 1 fimbriae expression.

Possible link between colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by Citrobacter rodentium in C57BL/6 mice and microbiota composition.

Colonization resistance, conferred by the host's microbiota through both direct and indirect protective actions, serves to protect the host from enteric infections. Here, we identified the specific members of the gut microbiota that impact gastrointestinal colonization by Citrobacter rodentium, a murine pathogen causing colonic crypt hyperplasia. The gut colonization levels of C.

PurA is the main target of aurodox, a type III secretion system inhibitor.

Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to global health. The continual battle between the emergence of AMR and the development of drugs will be extremely difficult to stop as long as traditional anti-biotic approaches are taken. In order to overcome this impasse, we here focused on the type III secretion system (T3SS), which is highly conserved in many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

Vi polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines afford similar early, IgM or IgG-independent control of infection but boosting with conjugated Vi vaccines sustains the efficacy of immune responses.

Introduction: Vaccination with Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi-PS) or protein-Vi typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) can protect adults against Typhi infections. TCVs offer better protection than Vi-PS in infants and may offer better protection in adults. Potential reasons for why TCV may be superior in adults are not fully understood.

-Tryptophan suppresses enteric pathogen and pathobionts and prevents colitis by modulating microbial tryptophan metabolism.

-Amino acids (-AAs) have various functions in mammals and microbes. -AAs are produced by gut microbiota and can act as potent bactericidal molecules. Thus, -AAs regulate the ecological niche of the intestine; however, the actual impacts of -AAs in the gut remain unknown.

Suppression of macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection by the ectopic expression of human CD177.

Cellular xenogeneic rejection by the innate immune system is a major immunological obstruction that needs to be overcome for the successful clinical use of xenografts. Our focus has been on macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection, since suppressing macrophage function has considerable potential for practical applications in the area of xenotransplantation. We report herein on an investigation of the suppressive effect of human CD177 (hCD177) against macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection.

Gene of Gallinarum Plays a Critical Role in Systemic Infection of Fowl Typhoid.

serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. However, less is known about the pathogenic characteristics and mechanism of .

Fatty Acid Homeostasis Tunes Flagellar Motility by Activating Phase 2 Flagellin Expression, Contributing to Salmonella Gut Colonization.

Long-chain-fatty-acid (LCFA) metabolism is a fundamental cellular process in bacteria that is involved in lipid homeostasis, energy production, and infection. However, the role of LCFA metabolism in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (. Tm) gut infection remains unclear.

Deletion and Acetate Reduce Gut Colonization of Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli by Decreasing Expression of Type 1 Fimbriae.

Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is involved in onset and/or exacerbation of Crohn's disease (CD). AIEC adapts to the gut environment by altering gene expression programs, leading to successful gut-lumen colonization. However, the underlying mechanism of gut colonization is still far from clarified.

Virulence factors perforate the pathogen-containing vacuole to signal efferocytosis.

Intracellular pathogens commonly reside within macrophages to find shelter from humoral defenses, but host cell death can expose them to the extracellular milieu. We find intracellular pathogens solve this dilemma by using virulence factors to generate a complement-dependent find-me signal that initiates uptake by a new phagocyte through efferocytosis. During macrophage death, Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to perforate the membrane of the pathogen-containing vacuole (PCV), thereby triggering complement deposition on bacteria entrapped in pore-induced intracellular traps (PITs).

The Regulation of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-induced Tissue Damage by Human CD177.

Background: Neutrophil-induced tissue damage contributes to the rejection in xenotransplantation. Therefore, suppressing neutrophil function could be effective in suppressing xenogeneic rejection. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the ectopic expression of human cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) on porcine endothelial cells (PEC) significantly suppressed neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity through the homophilic binding of CD31.

A Salmonella type III effector, PipA, works in a different manner than the PipA family effectors GogA and GtgA.

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays a critical role in the host defense against microbial pathogens. Many pathogens modulate NF-κB signaling to establish infection in their host. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.

A Peptidoglycan Amidase Activator Impacts Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Gut Infection.

serovar Typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogen that causes diarrhea. Typhimurium elicits inflammatory responses and colonizes the gut lumen by outcompeting the microbiota. Although evidence is accumulating with regard to the underlying mechanism, the infectious stage has not been adequately defined.

Twin-Arginine Translocation System Is Involved in Citrobacter rodentium Fitness in the Intestinal Tract.

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system is involved in not only a wide array of cellular processes but also pathogenesis in many bacterial pathogens; thus, this system is expected to become a novel therapeutic target to treat infections. To the best of our knowledge, involvement of the Tat system has not been reported in the gut infection caused by Here, we studied the role of Tat in gut infection, which resembles human infection with enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC). A Tat loss-of-function mutant displayed prolonged gut colonization, which was explained by reduced inflammatory responses and, particularly, neutrophil infiltration.

Retrieval strategy for ruptured balloon with circumferential tear during angioplasty for arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients.

Introduction: Balloon angioplasty is a common endovascular procedure. The balloon for angioplasty sometimes ruptures (incidence, 3.6%-10%), and it is constructed such that it ruptures in a longitudinal direction and complications related to rupture are rare.

Effectors SifA, SpvB, SseF, SseJ, and SteA Contribute to Type III Secretion System 1-Independent Inflammation in a Streptomycin-Pretreated Mouse Model of Colitis.

serovar Typhimurium ( Typhimurium) induces inflammatory changes in the ceca of streptomycin-pretreated mice. In this mouse model of colitis, the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS-1) has been shown to induce rapid inflammatory change in the cecum at early points, 10 to 24 h after infection. Five proteins, SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2, have been identified as effectors involved in eliciting intestinal inflammation within this time range.

Recurrent gastric volvulus associated with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A case report.

Introduction: Gastric volvulus (GV) is defined as a rotation of the stomach along its short or long axis leading to variable degrees of gastric outlet obstruction. Rotation of the stomach >180° may cause closed loop obstruction and possible strangulation, which often causes acute abdominal pain. Strangulation and gangrene of the twisted stomach sometimes occurs, which demands immediate surgical intervention.

Anterograde bile duct drainage for intractable bile leakage after hepatectomy in a patient with previous pancreatoduodenectomy: A case report.

Introduction: Endoscopic retrograde drainage is effective for managing bile leakage, which is relatively common after hepatectomy without bile duct reconstruction. However, the procedure is difficult to perform after pancreatoduodenectomy with choledochojejunostomy. We present a case of anterograde bile duct drainage for intractable bile leakage after hepatectomy in a patient with previous pancreatoduodenectomy.

GPR31-dependent dendrite protrusion of intestinal CX3CR1 cells by bacterial metabolites.

Small intestinal mononuclear cells that express CX3CR1 (CX3CR1 cells) regulate immune responses. CX3CR1 cells take up luminal antigens by protruding their dendrites into the lumen. However, it remains unclear how dendrite protrusion by CX3CR1 cells is induced in the intestine.