METS-IR vs. HOMA-AD and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Adolescents.

Purpose: Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in which is the key in the pathogenesis Insulin Resistance (IR) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) has been validated as a surrogate measure of IR. The combination of HOMA and adiponectin, known as HOMA-AD was proposed to measure IR in adults.

Association between five types of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α gene polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis.

Background: Research focusing on the relationship between five types of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) SNPs and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were still controversial. Hereby, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the association between TNF-α promoter SNPs: -1031 T/C, - 863 C/A, - 857 C/T, - 308 G/A, and - 238 G/A with HCC risk.

Methods: We interrogated articles from journal database: PubMed, Pro-Quest, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Springer to determine the relationship between five types of SNPs in TNF-α gene with HCC risk.

Meta-analysis: Association between hepatitis B virus preS mutation and hepatocellular carcinoma risk.

Previous observational studies suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS mutation plays an important role in the existence of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the results are still debatable. With an increasing number of studies about this topic, this study employed a meta-analysis to identify the association between HBV preS mutation and HCC risk.

Association between host TNF-α, TGF-β1, p53 polymorphisms, HBV X gene mutation, HBV viral load and the progression of HBV-associated chronic liver disease in Indonesian patients.

In developing countries, including Indonesia, there is a high mortality rate associated with the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated chronic liver disease (CLD). The pathogenesis of HBV infection is influenced by viral and host factors. To determine potential associations between these factors, host single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on TNF-α, TGF-β1 and p53, HBV X gene mutation and HBV viral load were investigated in patients with HBV-associated CLD in Surabaya, Indonesia.

COMPARISON OF MULTIPLEX SINGLE ROUND PCR AND MICROSCOPY IN DIAGNOSIS OF AMOEBIASIS.

Background: Amoebiasis, the cause of dysentery and extra-intestinal abscesses, now becomes second fatal parasitic disease in the world. As routine microscopic diagnosis cannot differentiate causative from non-pathogenic and , better diagnosis has to be searched.

Materials And Methods: Multiplex single round PCR was tested and compared with results of microscopy of wet preparation on 30 samples of diarrheic stools and extra intestinal lesions from amoebiasis suspected patients.

High prevalence of HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses among female commercial sex workers residing in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cause serious health problems and have an impact on the Indonesian economy. In addition, the rapid epidemic growth of HIV is continuing in Indonesia. Commercial sex plays a significant role in the spread of HIV; therefore, in order to reveal the current HIV prevalence rate among commercial sex workers (CSWs), we conducted an epidemiological study on HIV infection among CSWs residing in Surabaya, the capital of East Java province of Indonesia with large communities of CSWs.

Novel subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus genotypes C and D in Papua, Indonesia.

Eight genotypes (A to H) and nine subtypes (adw2, adw4, ayw1, ayw2, ayw3, ayw4, adrq+, adrq-, and ayr) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified worldwide. They appear to be associated with geographical distribution, virological characteristics, and possibly clinical outcomes. We performed sequence analysis of part of the S gene and the entire precore/core gene of HBV isolates obtained from HBsAg-positive blood donors in Papua Province, Indonesia.

Genotype and subtype analyses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and possible co-infection of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis D virus (HDV) in blood donors, patients with chronic liver disease and patients on hemodialysis in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Four subtypes (adw, adr, ayw, and ayr ) and eight genotypes (A to H) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified. They appear to be associated with particular geographic distribution, ethnicity, and possibly clinical outcomes. In this study, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtyping and HBV genotyping were carried out on sera obtained from HBsAg-positive HBV carriers, including healthy blood donors; patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma; and patients on hemodialysis all located in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Correlation between mutations in the interferon sensitivity-determining region of NS5A protein and viral load of hepatitis C virus subtypes 1b, 1c, and 2a.

In the present study, we analyzed the possible relationship between interferon (IFN) sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) sequence variation of various hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes and serum HCV titers in Indonesian patients without IFN treatment. The viremia titers (mean +/- standard deviation) of HCV subtype 1b (HCV-1b) isolates with low (three or fewer) and high (four or more) numbers of ISDR mutations were 5.4 +/- 0.

Viral load in Indonesian patients with chronic liver disease and in blood donors infected with different subtypes of hepatitis C virus.

The viral load of different hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes, including the globally distributed HCV-1b and the unique Indonesian subtype HCV-1c, was analyzed using serum samples obtained from Indonesian blood donors and patients with chronic liver disease. The mean viral load of HCV-1c was comparable with that of HCV-1b, suggesting that HCV-1c is as pathogenic as HCV-1b. On the other hand, the mean viral load of HCV-2a was lower than that of HCV-1b or HCV-1c, with this result being consistent with previous observations.

Prevalence of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia, and identification of novel groups of sequence variants.

A molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV-C/HGV RNA, determined by reverse transcription-PCR for a portion of the NS3 region of the viral genome, was 2.7% (4 of 150) among randomly collected blood donor sera, which were all negative for both hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV).

GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infection in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and identification of variants on the basis of 5'-untranslated region sequences.

By using reverse transcription and PCR for NS3 and 5'-untranslated regions (5'UTR) of the viral genome, prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infection in Chiang Mai, Thailand, was studied. High prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection was observed among intravenous drug users (32%) and hemodialyzed patients (25%). The prevalence was also considerably high among patients with chronic liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis (9%), liver cirrhosis (12%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (10%).

Differential distribution of hepatitis C virus subtypes in Asia: comparative study among Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is currently classified into at least six major genotypes, each of which is further divided into a number of subtypes. It has been reported that prevalence of each subtype varies among different geographical regions of the world and that severity of liver disease and sensitivity to interferon treatment varies with different subtypes. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of each subtype among HCV isolates in different areas in Asia such as southern (Hat Yai) and northern (Chiang Mai) parts of Thailand, Indonesia (Surabaya), the Philippines (Manila) and Japan (Kobe).

Differential prevalence of hepatitis C virus subtypes in healthy blood donors, patients on maintenance hemodialysis, and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Determination of the prevalence of liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) of various genotypes helps provide an understanding of the virulences of these genotypes. Differences in the prevalences of these genotypes are known to exist in the various geographical regions of the world. Hence, we performed seroepidemiological and molecular epidemiological analyses of HCV in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Hepatitis C virus infection-associated markers in sera from blood donors in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Among 2,233 sera obtained from volunteer blood donors, 259 (11.6%) showed elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. A second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that 23 (8.

Subtype analysis of hepatitis C virus in Indonesia on the basis of NS5b region sequences.

A recently identified subtype of hepatitis C virus, subtype 1d, was found to be common in Indonesia, being isolated from 4 (20%) of 20 and 11 (34%) of 32 patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, respectively. A new group of sequence variants was also identified, although its prevalence ratio was not as high in the area surveyed.