Three-dimensional in vivo scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm: a comparison between active and passive motion.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm of healthy participants during arm elevation and lowering and to find the difference between active motion and passive motion of the shoulder.

Methods: The study examined the shoulders of 10 healthy men (mean age, 23.5 years; age range, 22-28 years).