MNX1 mutations causing neonatal diabetes: Review of the literature and report of a case with extra-pancreatic congenital defects presenting in severe diabetic ketoacidosis.

The MNX1 gene encodes a homeobox transcription factor found to be important for pancreatic beta cell differentiation and development. Mutations of the MNX1 gene that cause permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) are rare and have been reported in only two cases. Both cases presented with hyperglycemia, with one case having isolated PNDM while the other had PNDM and multiple neurologic, skeletal, lung, and urologic congenital anomalies resulting in death in early infancy.

Clinical characteristics and outcome of hospitalized children and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: data from a single center surveillance study in Egypt.

Objectives: COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and its acute complications. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes hospitalized during the first wave of the pandemic and the prevalence of new onset diabetes among patients with evidence of COVID-19 infection.

Methods: A single-center surveillance study included all patients with diabetes admitted to Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, in Egypt between May to August 2020.