Inflammatory mediators-induced DNA damage in liver and brain injury: Therapeutic approach of 5-Methoy-N-acetyltryptamine.

The pathophysiology of hepatic and cerebral damage includes various molecular and signalling pathways. Assessment of inflammation-induced DNA damage is one of the principal issues for investigating organ distortion and mutation. The current study was premeditated to discover the prophylactic role of 5-Methoy-N-acetyltryptamine (5-MNAT) and/or Quercetin (QR) versus sodium nitrite (NaNO) induced liver and brain injury in a rat model, as well as to clarify the different cross-linked inflammatory pathways and neurotransmitters.

Fischer's oligopeptide ratio in ischemic hypoxia: prophylactic amendment of sophoretin and melatonin supplementation.

The fundamental pathophysiology of ischemic-hypoxia is oxygen depletion. Fischer's ratio is essential for monitoring hypoxia intensity. the current study highlighted the prophylactic role of sophoretin (QRC) and/or melatonin (MLN) versus sodium nitrite (SN) brain hypoxia.

Involvement of Nrf2, JAK and COX pathways in acetaminophen-induced nephropathy: Role of some antioxidants.

Objectives: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced nephrotoxicity is detrimental consequence for which there has not been a standardized therapeutic regimen. Although, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-known antidote used in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, its benefit in nephrotoxicity caused by APAP is almost lacking. This study aimed to compare the possible protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ), curcumin (CR), and α-lipoic acid (α-LA), either in solo or in combination regimens with that of NAC against APAP-induced renal injury.

Impact of HIF1-α/TGF-β/Smad-2/Bax/Bcl2 pathways on cobalt chloride-induced cardiac and hepatorenal dysfunction.

Background: Cobalt chloride (CoCl) is a ferromagnetic ubiquitous trace element extensively dispersed in the environment. Nevertheless, it may merit human hazard.

Aim: Excess cobalt can harm vital organs this paves the way to elucidate the toxic impact of CoCl on the liver, kidney and heart.

Nano-Resveratrol: A Promising Candidate for the Treatment of Renal Toxicity Induced by Doxorubicin in Rats Through Modulation of Beclin-1 and mTOR.

Although doxorubicin (DXR) is one of the most used anticancer drugs, it can cause life-threatening renal damage. There has been no effective treatment for DXR-induced renal damage until now. This work aims at examining the potential impact of nano-resveratrol (N-Resv), native resveratrol (Resv), and their combination with carvedilol (Card) against DXR-induced renal toxicity in rats and to investigate the mechanisms through which these antioxidants act to ameliorate DXR nephrotoxicity.

Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising candidate for liver injury induced by 2-nitropropane: Implications of P53, iNOS, VEGF, PCNA, and CD68 pathways.

The current article was designed to assess the role of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) in the management of hepatic injury induced by the hepatocarcinogen 2-nitropropane (2-NP). Rats were divided into three groups. The first group served as a control, the second group was injected with 2-NP, while the third group was treated with CNPs 1 h before 2-NP injection every other day for 4 weeks.

Manipulation of Quercetin and Melatonin in the Down-Regulation of HIF-1α, HSP-70 and VEGF Pathways in Rat's Kidneys Induced by Hypoxic Stress.

Hypoxia may lead to inflammatory responses by numerous signaling pathways. This investigation intended to inspect the defensive role of Quercetin (Quer) and/ or Melatonin (Mel) against reno toxicity induced by Sodium nitrite (Sod ntr). Sod ntr injection significantly decreased blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) with a concurrent increase in serum tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and urea levels.

Role of α-tocopherol and Lactobacillus plantarum in the alleviation of mercuric chloride-induced testicular atrophy in rat's model: Implication of molecular mechanisms.

The present work was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of alpha-tocopherol (α-toco) and/or Lactobacillus plantarum (LCB) against testicular atrophy induced by mercuric chloride (MCH). Rats were injected with 5 mg/kg MCH for 5 days consecutively, then treated with 100 mg/kg α-toco and 6 × 10 CFU 1.8701/kg LCB alone or together for 3 weeks.

Role of some natural anti-oxidants in the down regulation of Kim, VCAM1, Cystatin C protein expression in lead acetate-induced acute kidney injury.

Background: Lead is a dangerous systemic toxicant and can provoke life-threatening renal injury. The plan of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of curcumin (CRMN) and L-ascorbic acid (L-ascb) alone or together to counteract lead acetate (Pb-acetate)-induced renal damage in rats and to find out the underlying mechanisms of action of these nutraceuticals.

Methods: Pb-acetate (100 mg/kg/day, i.

Root Extract Prevents Lead-Induced Liver Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Activating Akt/GSK-3β Signaling.

L () is a popular medicinal plant with promising hepatoprotective activity. This study investigated the protective effect of root extract (ALRE) on lead (Pb) hepatotoxicity, pointing to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein kinase B/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling. Rats received 50 mg/kg lead acetate (Pb(Ac)) and 200 mg/kg ALRE or vitamin C (Vit.

Mitigation of acetamiprid - induced renotoxicity by natural antioxidants via the regulation of ICAM, NF-kB and TLR 4 pathways.

Background: Acetamiprid (ACMP) is a member of the neonicotinoid group of insecticides. It is extensively used worldwide. The misuse of ACMP creates danger hazards to human and animal.

Inhibition of NF-κB and the oxidative stress -dependent caspase-3 apoptotic pathway by betaine supplementation attenuates hepatic injury mediated by cisplatin in rats.

Background: Cisplatin is a major anti-cancer drug commonly used in the treatment of various cancers; nevertheless, the associated hepatotoxicity has limited its clinical application. The aim of this investigation is to test the impact of betaine supplementation on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Methods: Animals were allocated into four groups; normal control group (control betaine group (250 mg/kg/day, po for twenty six days), cisplatin group (single injection of 7 mg/kg, ip) and betaine + cisplatin group (received betaine for twenty one days before cisplatin injection and daily after cisplatin for five days).

Cross Talk Between TGF-β and JAK Expressions and Nepherotoxicity Induced by Tetrachloromethane: Role of Phytotherapy.

The aim of the current study is to assess the effectiveness of milk thistle seeds (Mth) in combination with () and/or () against tetrachloromethane (Tcm) renotoxicity in rats. Tetrachloromethane was injected in a single dose, followed by 1-month treatments with Mth, , and alone or in combination. Serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels were significantly increased matched with the control group.

Nano ubiquinone: Promising candidate for treatment of renal toxicity induced by over dose of paracetamol.

Over doses of Paracetamol (panadol; acetaminophen) can cause life-threatening renal damage. This study compared the impact of nano-ubiquinone (Nubiq) with native ubiquinone (ubiq) reducing damage induced by Paracetamol-toxicity in rats. Paracetamol treatment produced an elevation in serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, C-reactive protein, renal nitric oxide, and lipid peroxide levels, and reductions in interleukin-10, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels.

Prophylactic administration of carnosine and melatonin abates the incidence of apoptosis, inflammation, and DNA damage induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rat livers.

Although titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDO-ns) are extensively used in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries, discussions about the possible hazards of nanomaterials are just beginning to emerge. This study aimed to detect the inflammatory stress, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death induced in the livers of rats exposed to TDO-ns (600 mg/kg, particle size ≤ 100 nm). Furthermore, the modulation of these toxic effects by two potent naturally occurring antioxidants, carnosine (Carno) or melatonin (Melato), was evaluated.

Quercetin and Idebenone Ameliorate Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, DNA damage, and Apoptosis Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Rat Liver.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO-NPs) are extensively used in a wide range of applications; however, many reports have investigated their nanotoxicological effect at the molecular level either in vitro or in vivo systems. The defensive roles of quercetin (Qur) or idebenone (Id) against the hepatotoxicity induced by TiO-NPs were evaluated in the current study. The results showed that the coadministration of Qur or Id to rats intoxicated with TiO-NPs markedly ameliorated the elevation in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), serum alanine amino-transferase (ALT), glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), immunoglobin G (IgG), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared to their levels in TiO-NPs-treated rats.

Evaluation of the renoprotective effect of nano turmeric against toxic dose of copper sulfate: Role of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, kidney injury molecule-1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein expressions.

The aim of this study was to compare the potential renoprotective effects of turmeric (TM) and nano turmeric (NTM) with those of desferrioxamine (DSM) against copper sulfate (CS)-induced toxicity. Rats were administered a toxic dose of CS with TM, NTM, and DSM for 1 week. Next, serum-urea creatinine, uric acid, interleukin (IL)-10, c-reactive protein (CRP), and caspase-3 levels; renal nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) protein expression; and nuclear factor (NF)-κB and B-cell lymphoma -2 (Bcl-2) messenger RNA expression levels were estimated.

Amelioration of the Protein Expression of Cox2, NFB, and STAT-3 by Some Antioxidants in the Liver of Sodium Fluoride-Intoxicated Rats.

The present study aimed to explore the efficiency of N-acetyl cysteine (NACC) or thymoquinone (TMQ) alone or in combination in the downregulation of inflammatory molecule expression and decreasing hepatic injury in response to sodium fluoride (SF). Sodium fluoride upregulated serum alanine and aspartate transferases activities, tumor necrosis factor α and hepatic malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, and the expression of cyclooxygenase 2, nuclear factor κB cell, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. In contrast, hepatic glutathione level, superoxide dismutase activity, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression were decreased.

Roles of some antioxidants in modulation of cardiac myopathy induced by sodium nitrite via down-regulation of mRNA expression of NF-κB, Bax, and flt-1 and suppressing DNA damage.

Unlabelled: The underlying pathology of cardiac damage involves various molecular and signaling pathways. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role of Quercetin (Querc), alone or in combination with Melatonin (Melat) against cardiac damage induced by sodium nitrite (Sod nit), as well as to elucidate different signaling pathways. Querc and Melat were injected intraperitoneally (i.

Liposomal Curcumin Attenuates the Incidence of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and DNA Damage Induced by Copper Sulfate in Rat Liver.

Background: Copper is an essential element that is used widely in agriculture as fungicides and insecticides; for example, it is used to control schistosomiasis and as an antiseptic and germicide. Copper sulfate (CuSO) induces multiorgan dysfunction through the stimulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Despite the numerous pharmacological effects of curcumin (CUR), its pharmacokinetic properties are less promising.

Role of N-Acetylcysteine and Coenzyme Q10 in the Amelioration of Myocardial Energy Expenditure and Oxidative Stress, Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride Intoxication in Rats.

This study is designed to evaluate the potential impact of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) each alone or in combination against carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-induced cardiac damage in rats. Animals were treated with CCl in single intraperitoneal dose of 1 mL/Kg body weight; CCl-intoxicated animals were pretreated with 20 mg/kg/d NAC or pretreated with 200 mg/kg/d CoQ10 or NAC and CoQ10 with the same previously mentioned doses. Carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats showed a significant elevation in nitric oxide and lipid peroxides and downregulation in reduced glutathione level and calcium adenosine triphosphatase.

Mitigative role of garlic and vitamin E against cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects of lead acetate and mercury chloride on WI-38 cells.

Background: Lead acetate (Led) and mercury chloride (Mer) represent important ecological and public health concerns due to their hazardous toxicities. Naturally found products play a vital role in chemopreventive agent innovation. The current study aimed to assess the modifying effect of garlic (Gar) and/or vitamin E (Vit E) against the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) Led and/or Mer-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects.

Downregulation of and Gene Expression by Some Antioxidants in Rats Under Sodium Nitrite-Induced Hypoxic Stress.

This study assessed the effect of L-arginine (L-argin), carnosine (carno), or their combination in the amelioration of certain biochemical indices induced in the liver of hypoxic rats. Hypoxia was induced via sodium nitrite (S.nit) injection at a dose of 75 mg/kg.

Prophylactic administration of carnosine and melatonin abates the incidence of renal toxicity induced by an over dose of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

The alleviative effects of two antioxidants, carnosine (Car) and melatonin (Mel), against titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO -NPs) toxicity-induced oxidative and inflammatory renal damage were examined in rats. Administration of these antioxidants along with TiO -NPs effectively reduced serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant amelioration of the decrease in glutathione levels in renal tissue was observed, compared to those in rats treated with TiO -NPs alone. The renoprotective properties of the antioxidants were confirmed by reduced intensity of renal damage as demonstrated by histological findings.

Amelioration of panadol-induced nephrotoxicity via down-regulation of Bax/Bcl2 ratio with some antioxidants.

Background: Overdoses of Panadol (APAP) result in hepatic and renal toxicity. Up till now, there is no effective drug for APAP-enhanced nephrotoxicity. This work aims to explore the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine, Thymoquinone (THQ), Curcumin (CUR) and α-Lipoic acid (LA) either alone or in combination against APAP nephrotoxicity, focused on modulation of Bax/Bcl2 pathway.