Differences in boldness between Eurasian and American wolves () might be based on adaptive mechanisms.

Boldness - defined as the propensity of individuals to take risks - is a key research area within animal behavioural studies, significantly affecting adaptive strategies, habitat selection, foraging behaviour, reproduction, dispersal, and other crucial survival behaviours. Despite the extensive study of personality traits like extraversion and curiosity across various animal species, data on wolves (), particularly on the subspecies level, remains sparse. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining boldness and its associated personality traits in different wolf subspecies (, ) ( = 23), and wolf-dog hybrids ( = 10), utilising novel object interaction tests and validated questionnaires previously applied to wild canids.

Social Reward Behaviour in Two Groups of European Grey Wolves ()-A Case Study.

Prosociality occurs in many species and is likely to be a crucial factor for the survival of group-living animals. Social feedback is an important mechanism for the coordination of group decisions. Since group-living animals with specific personality axes, i.