The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Proteolysis, Muscle Mass and Strength, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Functional Activity, and Quality of Life in Post-Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Narrative Review.

Advances in medical and surgical practices, along with enhanced cardiac ICU services, have led to a substantial increase in cardiac surgeries (CS). Consequently, CS is now more frequently performed on older patients undergoing complex procedures, which results in higher rates of postoperative complications (POC) such as muscle proteolysis, prolonged hospital stays and worsened clinical and functional outcomes. These complications can delay early mobilization (EM) programs and exercise as core components of post-CS rehabilitation even though sometimes they fail to prevent functional decline.