Expert consensus for pertussis in children: new concepts in diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Pertussis resurgence has been reported worldwide in the past two decades. Pertussis is still endemic and difficult to control though with universal vaccination in children. The resurgence may be related to multiple variables, such as increased disease awareness and laboratory tests, waning of immunity following vaccination, and/or genetic mutations of Bordetella pertussis.

Serological and molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, China, 2015-2018.

Background: Shifts have occurred in the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE), extending from the molecular level to the population level. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of JE neutralizing antibodies in healthy populations from different age groups in Zhejiang Province, and to conduct mosquito monitoring to evaluate the infection rate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among vectors, as well as the molecular characteristics of the E gene of isolated JEV strains.

Methodology/principal Findings: A total of 1190 sera samples were screened by a microseroneutralization test, including 429 infants (28d-11m) and 761 participants (2y-82y).

Sero-Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, an Eastern Province of China.

Background: Sporadic Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases still have been reported in Zhejiang Province in recent years, and concerns about vaccine cross-protection and population-level immunity have been raised off and on within the public health sphere. Genotype I (GI) has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Asian countries during the past few decades, which caused considerable concerns about the potential change of epidemiology characteristics and the vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of JE neutralizing antibody and its waning antibody trend after live attenuated JE vaccine immunization.

Laboratory diagnosis of vaccine-associated measles in Zhejiang Province, China.

Background/purpose: Along with the improving vaccine coverage, suspected vaccine-associated measles has been reported in Zhejiang Province, China. In order to maintain the accuracy of the measles surveillance system, it is critical to discriminate between measles vaccine and wild-type virus.

Methods: Eight suspected cases of vaccine-associated measles were reported in Zhejiang Province during 2011 and 2014.

[Self-controlled case-series (SCCS) method as a tool for the evaluation on the safety of vaccine].

Safety on vaccine issues has been under greater concern. Epidemiologically, classical study designs on investigating the association between a rare adverse event and vaccine inoculation usually confronted with lower feasibility in practice. Self-controlled case series (SCCS) method was derived from cohort studies.

[Epidemiological effects of the A (H1N1) influenza vaccine immunization program on students].

Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological effects of vaccine immunization program related to A (H1N1) influenza in the middle school students.

Methods: Non-randomized clinical trial was designed to assess the A (H1N1) influenza vaccine on its efficacy. 14 883 students from 8 middle schools in Zhejiang province were recruited and classified into vaccinated or control groups, based on the status of immunization with A (H1N1) influenza vaccine.

[An outbreak of measles among unvaccinated migrant population in Zhejiang province, from June to August, 2010].

Objective: On July 6, 2010, the parents of a patient with confirmed measles reported several suspected measles patients with fever and rash in their village. An investigation was carried out to verify and understand the cause of the outbreak.

Methods: Several suspected cases had an onset of fever and rash in this and other neighboring villages during June 1 to August 3, 2010.

[Case-control study on epidemiology factors of measles in Zhejiang Province in 2008].

Objective: In order to analysis the main factors of measles prevalence in 2008, and to provide evidence for establishing scientific strategies on measles elimination.

Methods: 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted in 3 cities, and the conditional logistic regression was used to analyse the risk factor of measles.

Results: 358 matched pairs (716 objects) were investigated.

[A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis of the current immunization program in Zhejiang Province].

Objective: To know the status of Immunization program in Zhejiang Province.

Methods: The investigation on immunization program in zhejiang province was conducted, and the SWOT analysis was corducted to make a comprehensive evaluation.

Results: 11 cities, 22 counties and 44 towns were investigated in this study, and the current immunization program in Zhejiang province were explored by SWOT analysis.

[Application of Monte Carlo techniques in designing compensatory scheme of new cooperative medical system].

To design a workable compensatory scheme of new cooperative medical system (NCMS) in rural China, 'Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques' is developed based on the data of a multistage random sampling survey. The total compensation rate, the decreased percentages of poverty caused by diseases and the deficit ratio of fund a 0.3782, 0.

[A case-control study on the association between the genetic polymorphism of sulfotransferase 1A1, diet and susceptibility of colorectal cancer].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between sulfotransferase 1Al polymorphism, diet and colorectal cancer susceptibility.

Methods: A case-control study of 140 cancers and 343 health controls was conducted to investigate the role of sulfotransferase 1A1 polymorphism and meat consumption in colorectal carcinogenesis. Genotypes of sulfotransferase 1A1 polymorphism were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

[Number needed to be screened in a study: a novel measure for disease screening effect].

Objective: To introduce the concept, methods for calculation and application of "number needed to be screened" (NNBS) in epidemiologic studies.

Methods: The concept of "number needed to treat" (NNT) was extended for disease screening strategies. For the purpose of illustration, the values of number needed to invite for screening (NNI) and number needed to be screened (NNBS) were calculated on the basis of the results from two randomized controlled screening trials--Nottingham randomized controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer and Swedish mammographic screening trial for breast cancer in two counties.

[Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism and the risk on colorectal cancer: a multilevel meta regression].

Objective: In order to investigate the relationship between Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) status and the risk on colorectal cancer as well as to detect the related factors to this association.

Methods: A pooled analysis of multilevel Meta-regression was performed to estimate GSTM1 deficiency associated with the risks of colorectal cancer. Then subgroup Meta-regression was undertaken to evaluate the possible relationship between heterogeneity and the related characteristics.

[Concept on the use of "number needed to be exposed" in epidemiology].

Objective: To introduce the concept, methods for calculation and application of "number needs to be exposed (NNE)" in Epidemiological studies.

Methods: Data was analyzed from a study on the association between diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) with 28-day mortality in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock.

Results: The crude "number needed to be exposed for one additional person to be harmed" (NNEH) was 3.

[A method for measuring the contribution of individual factor to disease caused by multiple risk factors].

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of individual risk factor to a disease on someone with several risk factors.

Methods: A method based on epidemiological theory and Bayes' theorem was established to measure the contribution of individual risk factor, using the relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) value obtained from population-based cohort studies or meta-analysis.

Results: The proportional contribution for individual risk factor to disease in one person can be measured or estimated.

Relationship between metabolic enzyme polymorphism and colorectal cancer.

Aim: To clarify the influence of genetic polymorphisms on colorectal cancer.

Methods: The results of 42 related studies from 1990 to 2001 were analyzed by meta-analysis. Mantel-Haenzel fixed-effect model or Dersimonian-Laird random-effect model and ReviewManager 4.