Background And Purpose: Stereoscopic imaging systems have improved the surgical accuracy and patient safety but have induced unwanted visual disturbance, nausea, and ocular symptoms simultaneously. We measured and compared visual discomfort and visual fatigue induced by three-dimensional (3D) surgical imaging system and two-dimentional (2D) surgical imaging system, respectively.
Methods: This study compared ocular symptoms and visual functions immediately after four laparoscopic tasks including pick beans, paper cut, pass the curved needle, and knot tying.