Attenuation of LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase expression by lysophosphatidic acid in macrophages.

LPS can activate the inflammatory cascades by inducing various inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) resulting from cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and NO produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been demonstrated to participate in inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the impact and the involving mechanisms of LPA on LPS-incurred inflammation in macrophages.