Dapagliflozin exerts anti-apoptotic effects by mitigating macrophage polarization modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway.

Background: Macrophages are central to the orchestration of immune responses, inflammatory processes, and the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The dynamic polarization of macrophages into M1 and M2 phenotypes critically modulates inflammation and contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin, which are acclaimed for their efficacy in diabetes management, may influence macrophage polarization, thereby ameliorating diabetic nephropathy.

A new highly active LaO-CuO-MgO catalyst for the synthesis of cumyl peroxide by catalytic oxidation.

In this study, different magnesium, copper, lanthanide single metal, and composite multimetal oxide catalysts were prepared the coprecipitation route for the aerobic oxidation of cumene into cumene hydroperoxide. All catalysts were characterized using several analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDS, FT-IR, BET, CO-TPD, XPS, and TG-DTG. LaO-CuO-MgO shows higher oxidation activity and yield than other catalysts.