Effects of torsemide on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in humans and rats.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of torsemide on warfarin therapy in humans and rats.

Methods: For the animal study, rats were orally dosed with warfarin (0.13 mg/kg, control group) or warfarin (0.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsions fabricated with alginate and chitosan.

Nanotechnologies are being employed to enhance the stability and oral bioavailability of lipophilic substances, such as capsaicin. This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetic properties of the formulated capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsions. A pharmacokinetic study was carried out using double-layer nanoemulsions fabricated with alginate and chitosan polymers and triple-layer nanoemulsions fabricated with chitosan/alginate polymers.

Effects of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms on warfarin clearance and sensitivity in Korean patients with mechanical cardiac valves.

Background: Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism of CYP4F2 (rs2108622) was reported to have a significant relationship with the stable warfarin dose. However, the underlying mechanism of CYP4F2 effects on the stable warfarin dose has not been studied. This study aimed to examine the effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4F2 gene on warfarin clearance and sensitivity in Korean patients with mechanical heart valves.