Renal Production, Uptake, and Handling of Circulating αKlotho.

αKlotho is a multifunctional protein highly expressed in the kidney. Soluble αKlotho is released through cleavage of the extracellular domain from membrane αKlotho by secretases to function as an endocrine/paracrine substance. The role of the kidney in circulating αKlotho production and handling is incompletely understood, however.

Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for submacular hemorrhage from choroidal neovascularization.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monotherapy for patients diagnosed with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) accompanied by submacular hemorrhage.

Design: Retrospective, observational case series.

Participants: Ninety-one eyes of 91 patients who initially presented with submacular hemorrhage associated with exudative AMD from October 2009 to September 2012.