Emotional bookkeeping and differentiated affiliative relationships: Exploring the role of dynamics and speed in updating relationship quality in the EMO-model.

Emotional bookkeeping is the process by which primates integrate the emotional effects of social interactions to form internal representations of their affiliative relationships. The dynamics and speed of this process, which comprises the formation, maintenance and fading out of affiliative relationships, are not clear. Empirical data suggest that affiliative relationships are slowly formed and do not easily fade out.

Determining overweight and underweight with a new weight-for-height index in captive group-housed macaques.

Housing primates in naturalistic groups provides social benefits relative to solitary housing. However, food intake may vary across individuals, possibly resulting in overweight and underweight individuals. Information on relative adiposity (the amount of fat tissue relative to body weight) is needed to monitor overweight and underweight of group-housed individuals.

Impact of Paediatric Versus Adult Care Setting on Health Care Utilization in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Objective: Paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is different from adult-onset IBD with respect to disease severity and its effect on growth and development. Care of paediatric IBD patients in some countries is dispersed among paediatricians and adult care providers, which may result in different outcomes. This study aims to assess the effect of care setting (paediatric vs adult-oriented) on health care utilization in adolescent IBD patients.

Intermediate-term emotional bookkeeping is necessary for long-term reciprocal grooming partner preferences in an agent-based model of macaque groups.

Whether and how primates are able to maintain long-term affiliative relationships is still under debate. Emotional bookkeeping (EB), the partner-specific accumulation of emotional responses to earlier interactions, is a candidate mechanism that does not require high cognitive abilities. EB is difficult to study in real animals, due to the complexity of primate social life.

Dominance in Domestic Dogs: A Quantitative Analysis of Its Behavioural Measures.

A dominance hierarchy is an important feature of the social organisation of group living animals. Although formal and/or agonistic dominance has been found in captive wolves and free-ranging dogs, applicability of the dominance concept in domestic dogs is highly debated, and quantitative data are scarce. Therefore, we investigated 7 body postures and 24 behaviours in a group of domestic dogs for their suitability as formal status indicators.

Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in a large representative community cohort of Dutch patients.

Aims: To assess the effects of multi-disciplinary cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on survival in the full population of patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and patients that underwent coronary revascularization and/or heart valve surgery.

Methods And Results: Population-based cohort study in the Netherlands using insurance claims database covering ∼22% of the Dutch population (3.3 million persons).

Emotional bookkeeping and high partner selectivity are necessary for the emergence of partner-specific reciprocal affiliation in an agent-based model of primate groups.

Primate affiliative relationships are differentiated, individual-specific and often reciprocal. However, the required cognitive abilities are still under debate. Recently, we introduced the EMO-model, in which two emotional dimensions regulate social behaviour: anxiety-FEAR and satisfaction-LIKE.

Effect of repeated exposures and sociality on novel food acceptance and consumption by orangutans.

Hundreds of rehabilitant great apes have been released into the wild, and thousands await release. However, survival rates after release can be as low as 20%. Several factors influence individuals' survival rates, one of which is the capacity to obtain an adequate diet once released.

The EMO-model: an agent-based model of primate social behavior regulated by two emotional dimensions, anxiety-FEAR and satisfaction-LIKE.

Agent-based models provide a promising tool to investigate the relationship between individuals' behavior and emerging group-level patterns. An individual's behavior may be regulated by its emotional state and its interaction history with specific individuals. Emotional bookkeeping is a candidate mechanism to keep track of received benefits from specific individuals without requiring high cognitive abilities.

Orangutan (Pongo spp.) whistling and implications for the emergence of an open-ended call repertoire: a replication and extension.

One of the most apparent discontinuities between non-human primate (primate) call communication and human speech concerns repertoire size. The former is essentially fixed to a limited number of innate calls, while the latter essentially consists of numerous learned components. Consequently, primates are thought to lack laryngeal control required to produce learned voiced calls.

Look before you leap - individual variation in social vigilance shapes socio-spatial group properties in an agent-based model.

Next to predator detection, primate vigilance also serves to keep track of relevant conspecifics. The degree of vigilance towards group members often reflects the dominance rank of an individual: subordinates pay attention to dominants. Although it has been suggested that subordinates' vigilance may result in spatial centrality of dominants, this has not been addressed in either empirical or modeling studies.

Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Meat-Eating by Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii).

Meat-eating is an important aspect of human evolution, but how meat became a substantial component of the human diet is still poorly understood. Meat-eating in our closest relatives, the great apes, may provide insight into the emergence of this trait, but most existing data are for chimpanzees. We report 3 rare cases of meat-eating of slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang, by 1 Sumatran orangutan mother-infant dyad in Ketambe, Indonesia, to examine how orangutans find slow lorises and share meat.

Cardiac rehabilitation uptake and its determinants in the Netherlands.

Aims: Despite its documented efficacy, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is still not well implemented in current clinical practice. The aims of the present study were to assess CR uptake rates in the Netherlands, and to identify factors that determine uptake.

Methods: The cohort consisted of persons insured with Achmea Zorg en Gezondheid.

Better safe than sorry--socio-spatial group structure emerges from individual variation in fleeing, avoidance or velocity in an agent-based model.

In group-living animals, such as primates, the average spatial group structure often reflects the dominance hierarchy, with central dominants and peripheral subordinates. This central-peripheral group structure can arise by self-organization as a result of subordinates fleeing from dominants after losing a fight. However, in real primates, subordinates often avoid interactions with potentially aggressive group members, thereby preventing aggression and subsequent fleeing.

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) fail a what-where-when task but find rewards by using a location-based association strategy.

Recollecting the what-where-when of an episode, or episodic-like memory, has been established in corvids and rodents. In humans, a linkage between remembering the past and imagining the future has been recognised. While chimpanzees can plan for the future, their episodic-like memory has hardly been investigated.

Assessing the Impacts of Revising the Tobacco Products Directive: Study to Support a DG SANCO Impact Assessment.

Tobacco use is one of the largest avoidable causes of morbidity and premature death in the EU. Whilst smoking prevalence in the EU has been declining over the past 30 years, smoking has remained more prevalent among men than women in the EU-27, with some of the new Member States reporting the widest gaps between male and female smokers. For young smokers (13 to 15 years old) this situation is somewhat reversed, with slightly more girls than boys smoking.

Children's aggressive responses to neutral peer behavior: a form of unprovoked reactive aggression.

Previous studies that operationalized reactive aggression using behavioral observations in general populations have not taken into account the type of stimulus that elicits reactive aggression. In the present study we define a specific form of reactive aggression, i.e.

Efficiency and its measurement: what practitioners need to know.

Objective: To help health professionals understand and evaluate the concept of efficiency and its measurement in practice.

Study Design: We reviewed conceptual and practical analyses of healthcare efficiency and its measurement and describe our findings.

Methods: We searched the following 3 sources: the MEDLINE and EconLit databases for articles published from 1990 to 2008 using the keywords efficiency, inefficiency, productivity, and economic profiling; seminal economic studies of efficiency identified in MEDLINE or EconLit or in economics reference materials; and the "gray literature" on efficiency measures developed by private organizations.

Violent phenotype in SAL mice is inflexible and fixed in adulthood.

Violence was shown to be qualitatively different from functional hyper-aggression in mice selected for high aggression namely Short Attack Latency (SAL), Turku Aggressive (TA) and North Carolina (NC900) strains. This study aimed at investigating whether this adulthood violent phenotype as seen previously in the SAL mice is fixed and hence behaviorally inflexible right from day 1 of the experiment or consequential, i.e.

Are electronic health records ready for genomic medicine?

Purpose: The goal of this project was to assess genetic/genomic content in electronic health records.

Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with key informants. Questions addressed documentation, organization, display, decision support and security of family history and genetic test information, and challenges and opportunities relating to integrating genetic/genomics content in electronic health records.

Health care interventions for excessive crying in infants: regularity with and without swaddling.

This article describes two health care interventions developed to support parents whose infant cries excessively. Intervention 1 consists of advice to caregivers to bring about regularity and uniformity in daily infant care and to reduce external stimuli. Intervention 2 is the same advice accompanied by instructions to swaddle during sleep.

A systematic review of health care efficiency measures.

Objective: To review and characterize existing health care efficiency measures in order to facilitate a common understanding about the adequacy of these methods.

Data Sources: Review of the MedLine and EconLit databases for articles published from 1990 to 2008, as well as search of the "gray" literature for additional measures developed by private organizations.

Study Design: We performed a systematic review for existing efficiency measures.

U.S. pharmaceutical policy in a global marketplace.

U.S. consumers generate more pharmaceutical revenue per person than Europeans do.

The effect of regulation on pharmaceutical revenues: experience in nineteen countries.

We describe pharmaceutical regulations in nineteen developed countries from 1992 to 2004 and analyze how different regulations affect pharmaceutical revenues. First, there has been a trend toward increased regulation. Second, most regulations reduce pharmaceutical revenues significantly.

Delineation of violence from functional aggression in mice: an ethological approach.

The present study aims at delineating violence from aggression, using genetically selected high (SAL, TA, NC900) and low (LAL, TNA NC100) aggressive mouse strains. Unlike aggression, violence lacks intrinsic control, environmental constraints as well as functional endpoints. Conventional measures namely latency, frequency and duration were used initially to accomplish the objective of delineation using the above strains.