Protective effects of vitamin D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine in male rats: the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress.

The beneficial effects of vitamin D (vit D) on central nervous system disorders have been suggested. In the current research, the protective effects of vit D on learning and memory deficit induced by scopolamine, oxidative stress criteria, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain were investigated. Rats were divided into five groups, including (1) Control, (2) Scopolamine (2 mg/kg), (3-5) Scopolamine + Vit D (100, 1000, and 10,000 IU/kg) groups.

Inhibition of CatSper and Hv1 Channels and NOX5 Enzyme Affect Progesterone-Induced Increase of Intracellular Calcium Concentration and ROS Generation in Human Sperm.

Background: Normal sperm function depends on appropriate intracellular calcium (Ca ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Calcium activates NADPH oxidase-5 (NOX5) that leads to ROS generation. The calcium channel of sperm (CatSper) is activated by progesterone and intracellular alkalization.

Effect of CatSper and Hv1 Channel Inhibition on Progesterone Stimulated Human Sperm.

Background: Intracellular calcium and proton concentrations are important factors for activating human sperm. Calcium ion (Ca) enters sperm through voltage-dependent calcium channel of sperm (CatSper). Proton was extruded from sperm through voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1).

Inhibition of the CatSper Channel and NOX5 Enzyme Activity Affects the Functions of the Progesterone-Stimulated Human Sperm.

Background: Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium are necessary for sperm function. NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) is a membrane enzyme which produces ROS. This enzyme is dependent on calcium for its activity.