Risk assessment of an industrial wastewater treatment and reclamation plant using the bow-tie method.

At present, wastewater reuse and recycling in water-stressed countries such as Iran has become a vital option for better management of water scarcity. However, despite the benefits of wastewater reuse, there is a probability of incomplete treatment of wastewater in accordance with the standards. Risk assessment of a wastewater treatment plant is required in order to determine the causes and consequences of failure in the treatment system.