Spatiotemporal evaluation of the groundwater quality in Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt.

Groundwater quality indicators were monitored over 6 years (2007-2012) from 55 drinking water supply wells in Gharbiya Governorate (Egypt). The prime objective was to characterize, for the first time, the governorate-wide significant and sustained trends in the concentrations of the groundwater pollutants. Quality indicators included turbidity, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), Cl, SO, Na, total alkalinity, hardness (total, Mg, and Ca), Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, F, NH, NO, NO, PO, dissolved oxygen (DO), and SiO contents.