Azithromycin as an adjunctive treatment of generalized severe chronic periodontitis: clinical, microbiologic, and biochemical parameters.

Background: This study examines the efficacy of azithromycin in combination with non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical and microbiologic parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) levels over 6 months in patients with severe generalized chronic periodontitis (CP).

Methods: Twenty-eight of 36 patients with severe generalized CP were included in this randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. They were randomly assigned to azithromycin or placebo groups (500 mg, once daily for 3 days).

Expression profile of human gingival fibroblasts induced by interleukin-1beta reveals central role of nuclear factor-kappa B in stabilizing human gingival fibroblasts during inflammation.

Background: Interleukin (IL)-1beta is a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and it induces inflammatory mediators in periodontal diseases. We developed immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), investigated the effects of IL-1beta on the gene expression using expression arrays containing approximately 40,000 genes, and tested the role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) in maintaining an activated HGF population.

Methods: Total RNA was isolated from IL-1beta-induced and mock-induced control cells.

Renin-angiotensin gene polymorphisms in relation to severe chronic periodontitis.

Aim: Evidence suggests that the ultimate product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II, exerts inflammatory actions. The present study aimed to evaluate the inter-relation between gene polymorphisms of the RAS components; angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type-I receptor (AT1R), and severe chronic periodontitis (CP).

Material And Methods: DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 90 CP patients and 126 periodontally healthy subjects, and the clinical parameters were recorded.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene polymorphisms in generalized aggressive periodontitis.

Aim: Host response to periodontopathic microorganisms can be modulated by genetic factors. Accumulated evidence highlighted the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in inflammatory response thus potential implication of this molecular system in the pathogenesis of periodontitis can be suggested. The present study investigated common genetic variants of molecules within the RAS family namely angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in relation to generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP).

The effects of selective COX-2 inhibitor/celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid on matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP-1, and laminin-5gamma2-chain immunolocalization in experimental periodontitis.

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in tissue-destruction mechanisms-associated periodontitis. MMP-8 and -13 are the predominant collagenases that are important in the extracellular matrix degradation in periodontal tissues. MMP-14 is a membrane-type MMP, whereas laminin-5 indicates basal membrane modification and epithelial induction.

Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 gene polymorphisms in generalized aggressive periodontitis.

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize exogenous ligands such as lipopolysaccharide and bacterial lipoprotein during the immune responses to pathogens. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms are related to susceptibility to generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP).

Methods: A total of 245 subjects were included in the present study.

TLR2 Arg753Gly, TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile gene polymorphisms are not associated with chronic periodontitis in a Turkish population.

Aim: Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene polymorphisms could affect the host's ability to respond to microbial pathogens. In this case-control study, the association of TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis (CP) was investigated.

Materials And Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood of 83 patients with CP and 106 periodontally healthy subjects.

Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid and circulating levels of interleukin-1beta, osteocalcin, and C-reactive protein in rats.

Background: In this study, we evaluated the effects of two different regimes of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid on serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), osteocalcin (OC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in experimental periodontitis.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced by repeated injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty-nine adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four study groups as follows: an LPS positive control group; a saline (negative) control group; and two different groups with omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation, one in which we gave the supplement subsequent to disease induction (TO3) and the other in which the agent was started prior to and continued subsequent to LPS injections (P + TO3).

Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Circulating Levels of Interleukin-1β, Osteocalcin, and C-Reactive Protein in Rats.

Background: In this study, we evaluated the effects of two different regimes of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid on serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), osteocalcin (OC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in experimental periodontitis.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced by repeated injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty-nine adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four study groups as follows: an LPS positive control group; a saline (negative) control group; and two different groups with omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation, one in which we gave the supplement subsequent to disease induction (TO3) and the other in which the agent was started prior to and continued subsequent to LPS injections (P + TO3).

Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and omega-3 fatty acid on serum interleukin-1beta, osteocalcin, and C-reactive protein levels in rats.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and omega-3 fatty acid on serum levels of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), osteocalcin (OC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in experimental periodontitis.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis in rats was induced by repeated injection of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli endotoxin. Forty-seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five study groups as follows: saline control, LPS, LPS + celecoxib, LPS + omega-3 fatty acid, and LPS + celecoxib + omega-3 fatty acid.

Effects of Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor and Omega-3 Fatty Acid on Serum Interleukin-1β, Osteocalcin, and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Rats.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and omega-3 fatty acid on serum levels of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), osteocalcin (OC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in experimental periodontitis.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis in rats was induced by repeated injection of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli endotoxin. Forty-seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five study groups as follows: saline control, LPS, LPS + celecoxib, LPS + omega-3 fatty acid, and LPS + celecoxib + omega-3 fatty acid.

Gingival tissue proteoglycan and chondroitin-4-sulphate levels in cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth and the effects of initial periodontal treatment.

Objectives: Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplant patients to prevent graft rejection. CsA-induced gingival overgrowth is one of the side effects of this drug and its pathogenesis is still unclear. The present study was planned to comparatively analyse total proteoglycan (PG) and chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) levels in CsA-induced overgrown gingival tissue samples obtained before and after initial periodontal treatment and to compare these findings with the situation in healthy gingiva.

Individual and combined effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and omega-3 fatty acid on endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats.

Background: The present study was planned to evaluate the individual and combined effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, celecoxib, and omega-3 fatty acid on the gingival tissue levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet activating factor (PAF) in endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced by repeated injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS). Forty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five study groups: saline control, LPS, celecoxib, omega-3 fatty acid, and combination celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid.

Therapeutic versus prophylactic plus therapeutic administration of omega-3 fatty acid on endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats.

Background: The aim of the present study was 1) to evaluate the possible effects of therapeutic usage of omega-3 fatty acid on the gingival tissue levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), platelet activating factor (PAF), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats and 2) to investigate whether prophylactic usage provides any additional benefits to therapeutic doses of omega-3 fatty acid.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced by repeated injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four study groups: 1) saline controls; 2) LPS; 3) therapeutic omega-3 fatty acid (TO3); and 4) prophylactic plus therapeutic omega-3 fatty acid (P + TO3) groups.

Periodontal infections and pre-term low birth weight: a case-control study.

Objective: Pre-term delivery of low-birth-weight infants [pre-term low birth weight (PLBW)] remains a significant public health issue and a major cause of neonatal death and long-term health problems. There is a growing consensus that infections remote from fetal-placental unit may influence PLBW infants. Recent studies have suggested that maternal periodontal disease may be an independent risk factor for PLBW.

Evaluation of the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and subgingival microbiota.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that smoking negatively affects periodontal health. Hormonal changes, which occur during pregnancy have also been reported to have adverse effects on the periodontal tissues or indirectly through alterations in the subgingival bacterial flora. At present, no knowledge exists concerning possible effects of smoking on the composition of subgingival plaque in pregnancy.

Effectiveness of adjunctive low-dose doxycycline therapy on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid laminin-5 gamma2 chain levels in chronic periodontitis.

Background: Laminin-5 (Ln-5) is involved in the apical migration of epithelial cells during the development of periodontal pockets. Low-dose doxycycline (LDD) can therapeutically modulate the host response with its non-antimicrobial properties. In the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel arm study, the effectiveness of LDD in combination with non-surgical periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) Ln-5 gamma2 chain fragment levels and clinical parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis was examined over a 12-month period.

Total proteoglycan and chondroitin-4-sulfate levels in gingiva of patients with various types of periodontitis.

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the total proteoglycan (PG) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) levels in gingival tissue samples obtained from patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) before therapy (baseline) and 1 month after completion of non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Methods: Gingival tissue samples were obtained from 10 AgP and 10 CP patients before initiation of treatment (baseline) and 1 month after non-surgical periodontal treatment. The control group comprised 10 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects.

The effect of adjunctive low-dose doxycycline therapy on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in chronic periodontitis.

Background: Low-dose doxycycline (LDD) is recognized to have non-antimicrobial properties that can therapeutically modulate the host response. The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study was to examine the effectiveness of LDD in combination with non-surgical periodontal therapy, compared to non-surgical periodontal therapy alone, on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels and clinical parameters over a 12-month period in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Methods: GCF samples were collected, and clinical parameters including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, gingival index (GI), and plaque index were recorded.

Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on gingival tissue levels of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha and clinical parameters of chronic periodontitis.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a relatively selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor (nimesulide) and non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor (naproxen) used as an adjunct to non-surgical (scaling and root planing [SRP]) periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis patients on the gingival tissue (GT) levels of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and PGF2alpha.

Methods: Thirty patients with chronic periodontitis were divided into 3 groups of 10 each. One group received 100 mg of nimesulide; one received 275 mg of naproxen sodium; and the third group received placebo tablets in a 2 x 1 regimen for 10 days as an adjunct to SRP.

Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels following adjunctive use of meloxicam and initial phase of periodontal therapy.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of adjunctive meloxicam on the matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in chronic periodontitis patients following the initial phase of periodontal therapy.

Methods: Twelve chronic periodontitis patients received 7.5 mg meloxicam, and 10 patients received placebo tablets together with scaling and root planing in a 1 x 1 regimen for 10 days.