A single phosphorylatable amino acid residue is essential for the recognition of multiple potyviral HCPro effectors by potato Ny.

Potato virus Y (PVY, Potyviridae) is among the most important viral pathogens of potato. The potato resistance gene Ny confers hypersensitive resistance to the ordinary strain of PVY (PVY), but not the necrotic strain (PVY). Here, we unveil that residue 247 of PVY helper component proteinase (HCPro) acts as a central player controlling Ny strain-specific activation.

Morpho-Molecular Identification of and Associated with Symptomatic Wilting of Potato from Pakistan.

Potato ( L.) is one of the emerging staple crops in Pakistan, with Punjab producing over 95% of the country's potatoes. Wilt is an emerging threat to the potato crop worldwide, including in Pakistan.

A survey of the gene in wild and cultivated potato.

Inbred-hybrid breeding of diploid potatoes necessitates breeding lines that are self-compatible. One way of incorporating self-compatibility into incompatible cultivated potato () germplasm is to introduce the inhibitor gene (), which functions as a dominant inhibitor of gametophytic self-incompatibility. To learn more about diversity and function in wild species relatives of cultivated potato, we obtained gene sequences that extended from the 5'UTR to the 3'UTR from 133 individuals from 22 wild species relatives of potato and eight diverse cultivated potato clones.

f. sp. Affects Plant Susceptibility to Subsequent Pathogen Infections Under Controlled-Environment Conditions.

f. sp. (Sss) is a soilborne potato pathogen responsible for causing powdery scab on tubers and galls on roots, reducing root water uptake through colonizing root hairs, and vectoring of Potato mop-top virus (PMTV).

Multifunctionality of AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 effectors from the potato early blight pathogen Alternaria solani.

Plant pathogens secrete fungal-specific common in several fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) effectors to manipulate host immunity and contribute to their virulence. Little is known about effectors and their functions in Alternaria solani, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing potato early blight. To identify candidate CFEM effector genes, we mined A.

Genotyping-by-Sequencing Reveals Population Differentiation and Linkage Disequilibrium in from Tomato.

is an economically important foliar pathogen that causes early blight disease in tomatoes. Understanding genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and evolutionary potential is crucial to contemplating effective disease management strategies. We leveraged genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology to compare genome-wide variation in 124 isolates of spp.

High Incidence and Unique Features of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Infection.

Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) secondary to vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia is an extremely rare side effect of adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines. CVST incidence associated with COVID-19 itself has not been widely reported. We report the incidence of CVST in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Alternaria species from tomato and potato in North Carolina and Wisconsin.

Early blight (EB) caused by Alternaria linariae or Alternaria solani and leaf blight (LB) caused by A. alternata are economically important diseases of tomato and potato. Little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of these pathogens in the United States.

Natural Genetic Diversity in the Potato Resistance Gene Confers Suppression Avoidance from Effector IPI-O4.

is a potato gene that provides resistance to a broad spectrum of genotypes of the late blight pathogen . belongs to the CC-NB-LRR (coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat) class of resistance () genes, a major component of the plant immune system. The RB protein detects the presence of class I and II IPI-O effectors from to initiate a hypersensitive resistance response, but this activity is suppressed in the presence of the Class III effector IPI-O4.

(Late blight) Infection Assay in a Detached Leaf of Potato.

is a hemibiotroph oomycete that primarily infects potato and tomato. It infects stems, leaves, and tubers and fruits of potato and tomato. High throughput and reproducible infection assays are prerequisites to find sources of resistance in any crop.

Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of basic leucine zipper transcription factors following abiotic stresses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop that is grown and consumed worldwide. The growth and productivity of this crop are severely affected by various abiotic stresses.

Screening of Wild Potatoes Identifies New Sources of Late Blight Resistance.

Late blight (LB) of potato is considered one of the most devastating plant diseases in the world. Most cultivated potatoes are susceptible to this disease. However, wild relatives of potatoes are an excellent source of LB resistance.

Gene Genealogies Reveal High Nucleotide Diversity and Admixture Haplotypes Within Three Species Associated with Tomato and Potato.

Early blight (EB) and leaf blight are two destructive diseases of tomato in North Carolina (NC), caused by and , respectively. During the last decade, EB caused by has increased in potato-producing areas in Wisconsin (WI). We collected 152 isolates of three spp.

Overexpression of a modified eIF4E regulates potato virus Y resistance at the transcriptional level in potato.

Background: Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major pathogen of potatoes with major impact on global agricultural production. Resistance to PVY can be achieved by engineering potatoes to express a recessive, resistant allele of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E, a host dependency factor essential to PVY replication. Here we analyzed transcriptome changes in eIF4E over-expressing potatoes to shed light on the mechanism underpinning eIF4E-mediated recessive PVY resistance.

HCPro Suppression of Callose Deposition Contributes to Strain-Specific Resistance Against Potato Virus Y.

Potato virus Y (PVY; Potyviridae) is a continuing challenge for potato production owing to the increasing popularity of strain-specific resistant cultivars. Hypersensitive resistance (HR) is one type of plant defense responses to restrict virus spread. In many potato cultivars, such as cultivar Premier Russet (PR), local necrosis at the site of infection protects against the most common PVY strain, but the HR often fails to restrain necrotic strains, which spread systemically.

Distribution and Stability of Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicide Resistance in Populations of Potato Pathogenic spp. in Wisconsin.

Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides have been an important class in managing potato early blight caused by and brown spot caused by . Because of the single-site mode of action character of QoI fungicides, which are relied on for management of diseases in Wisconsin, and the abundant asexual conidia production of the species, pathogen isolates with QoI resistance have been detected after just a few years of QoI fungicide usage in commercial production fields. Resistance to QoIs has been attributed to amino acid substitutions F129L and G143A in cytochrome of and , respectively, as a result of point mutations.

A common genetic mechanism underlies morphological diversity in fruits and other plant organs.

Shapes of edible plant organs vary dramatically among and within crop plants. To explain and ultimately employ this variation towards crop improvement, we determined the genetic, molecular and cellular bases of fruit shape diversity in tomato. Through positional cloning, protein interaction studies, and genome editing, we report that OVATE Family Proteins and TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif proteins regulate cell division patterns in ovary development to alter final fruit shape.

Methods for Transient Gene Expression in Wild Relatives of Potato.

Genomics studies in potato and other plants have elucidated a large number of genes involved in a wide array of phenotypes. In particular, recent bioinformatic and genomic analyses of oomycetes and fungi have identified many effectors for which the corresponding host resistance-eliciting receptor remains to be found. Functional testing of host resistance gene candidates can be accomplished by generating whole plant transformants to either overexpress or silence these genes to obtain a visible phenotype.

Phytophthora infestans Effectors IPI-O1 and IPI-O4 Each Contribute to Pathogen Virulence.

Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most destructive plant diseases. Despite decades of intensive breeding efforts, it remains a threat to potato production worldwide, because newly evolved pathogen strains have overcome major resistance genes quickly. The RB protein, from the diploid wild potato species Solanum bulbocastanum, confers partial resistance to most P.

The IRE1/bZIP60 Pathway and Bax Inhibitor 1 Suppress Systemic Accumulation of Potyviruses and Potexviruses in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana Plants.

The inositol requiring enzyme (IRE1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor. When activated, it splices the bZIP60 mRNA, producing a truncated transcription factor that upregulates genes involved in the unfolded protein response. Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) is another ER stress sensor that regulates cell death in response to environmental assaults.

Testing Taxonomic Predictivity of Foliar and Tuber Resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Wild Relatives of Potato.

Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease found in potato-growing regions worldwide. Long-term management strategies to control late blight include the incorporation of host resistance to predominant strains. However, due to rapid genetic changes within pathogen populations, rapid and recurring identification and integration of novel host resistance traits is necessary.

Decreased defense gene expression in tolerance versus resistance to Verticillium dahliae in potato.

Verticillium dahliae Kleb., a soil-borne fungus that colonizes vascular tissues, induces wilting, chlorosis and early senescence in potato. Difference in senescence timing found in two diploid potato clones, 07506-01 and 12120-03, was studied and genetic variation in response to V.

Molecular determinants of resistance activation and suppression by Phytophthora infestans effector IPI-O.

Despite intensive breeding efforts, potato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, remains a threat to potato production worldwide because newly evolved pathogen strains have consistently overcome major resistance genes. The potato RB gene, derived from the wild species Solanum bulbocastanum, confers resistance to most P. infestans strains through recognition of members of the pathogen effector family IPI-O.