Super-Droplet-Repellent Carbon-Based Printable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Despite attractive cost-effectiveness, scalability, and superior stability, carbon-based printable perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) still face moisture-induced degradation that limits their lifespan and commercial potential. Here, the moisture-preventing mechanisms of thin nanostructured super-repellent coating (advancing contact angle >167° and contact angle hysteresis 7°) integrated into CPSCs are investigated for different moisture forms (falling water droplets vs water vapor vs condensed water droplets). It is shown that unencapsulated super-repellent CPSCs have superior performance under continuous droplet impact for 12 h (rain falling experiments) compared to unencapsulated pristine (uncoated) CPSCs that degrade within seconds.

Effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccines against hospitalizations due to laboratory-confirmed influenza a in the elderly: Comparison of test-negative design with register-based designs.

Introduction: Measuring influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) seasonally is important and has been conducted utilizing several observational study designs. The active test-negative design has been most widely used and the validity of passive register-based studies has been debated. We aimed to explore the potential differences, advantages, and weaknesses of different study designs in estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness.

Advanced research trends in dye-sensitized solar cells.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an efficient photovoltaic technology for powering electronic applications such as wireless sensors with indoor light. Their low cost and abundant materials, as well as their capability to be manufactured as thin and light-weight flexible solar modules highlight their potential for economic indoor photovoltaics. However, their fabrication methods must be scaled to industrial manufacturing with high photovoltaic efficiency and performance stability under typical indoor conditions.

Colors of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes.

Although single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit various colors in suspension, directly synthesized SWCNT films usually appear black. Recently, a unique one-step method for directly fabricating green and brown films has been developed. Such remarkable progress, however, has brought up several new questions.

Following total hip arthroplasty: femoral head component diameter of 32 mm or larger is associated with lower risk of dislocation in patients with a prior lumbar fusion.

Aims: There is evidence that prior lumbar fusion increases the risk of dislocation and revision after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The relationship between prior lumbar fusion and the effect of femoral head diameter on THA dislocation has not been investigated. We examined the relationship between prior lumbar fusion or discectomy and the risk of dislocation or revision after THA.

Spinal surgery complications: an unsolved problem-Is the World Health Organization Safety Surgical Checklist an useful tool to reduce them?

Purpose: To investigate whether the World Health Organization Safety Surgical Checklist (SSC) is an effective tool to reduce complications in spinal surgery.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological charts prospectively collected from patients who underwent a spinal surgery procedure from January 2010 to December 2012. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of complications between two periods, from January to December 2010 (without checklist) and from January 2011 and December 2012 (with checklist), in order to assess the checklist's effectiveness.

An analytical model of hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions on electrodes partially covered with a catalyst.

Our previous theoretical study on the performance limits of the platinum (Pt) nanoparticle catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) had shown that the mass transport losses at a partially catalyst-covered planar electrode are independent of the catalyst loading. This suggests that the two-dimensional (2D) numerical model used could be simplified to a one-dimensional (1D) model to provide an easier but equally accurate description of the operation of these HER electrodes. In this article, we derive an analytical 1D model and show that it indeed gives results that are practically identical to the 2D numerical simulations.

Analysis of dye degradation products and assessment of the dye purity in dye-sensitized solar cells.

Rationale: For commercialization of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), improvement of their long-term stability and efficiency is important. A key component in solar cells is the dye, its high purity and high stability. Here, methods for dye extraction and purification, and for determination of dye purity and dye degradation in DSSCs, were developed.

Effect of electrolyte bleaching on the stability and performance of dye solar cells.

Degradation of dye solar cells (DSCs) under severe ageing conditions may lead to loss of the tri-iodide in the electrolyte - a phenomenon known as electrolyte bleaching. Monitoring changes in the tri-iodide concentration as a result of degradation mechanisms and understanding their causes and effects are fundamental for improving the long-term stability of DSCs. In this contribution a strongly accelerated ageing test (1 Sun visible light, 1.

High performance low temperature carbon composite catalysts for flexible dye sensitized solar cells.

Roll-to-roll manufacturing of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) requires efficient and low cost materials that adhere well on the flexible substrates used. In this regard, different low temperature carbon composite counter electrode (CE) catalyst ink formulations for flexible DSSCs were developed that can be simply and quickly coated on plastic substrates and dried below 150 °C. The CEs were investigated in terms of photovoltaic performance in DSSCs by current-voltage measurements, mechanical adhesion properties by bending and tape tests, electro-catalytic performance by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and microstructure by electron microscopy.

Characteristics of Treatment Seeking Finnish Pathological Gamblers: Baseline Data from a Treatment Study.

This article describes the socio-demographic characteristics and gambling behavior of 39 pathological gamblers who participated in our treatment study in 2009. The inclusion criteria of the study were: score of five or more on both the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and a pathological gambling screen based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). The first 39 patients meeting the inclusion criterion were recruited into the study.

The effects of laser welding on heterogeneous immunoassay performance in a microfluidic cartridge.

Sealing of a microfluidic cartridge is a challenge, because the cartridge commonly contains heat-sensitive biomolecules that must also be protected from contamination. In addition, the objective is usually to obtain a sealing method suitable for mass production. Laser welding is a rapid technique that can be accomplished with low unit costs.

Gambling-related harms among adolescents: a population-based study.

Internationally, and also in Europe, adolescent gambling is increasingly recognized as an important public health issue. Most research on adolescent gambling, however, is prevalence-focused and population-based studies are scarce. Few studies have examined gambling-related harms among adolescents.

Linking optical and electrical small amplitude perturbation techniques for dynamic performance characterization of dye solar cells.

This paper unifies the analytical models used widely but thus far mostly separately for electrical and optical small amplitude perturbation measurements of nanostructured electrochemical dye solar cells (DSC): electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS). The models are linked by expressing the kinetic boundary condition used for solving the time-dependent continuity equation of electrons in IMPS and IMVS analysis in terms of the series and parallel impedance components found in the complete equivalent circuit impedance model of DSC. As a result, analytical expressions are derived for potentiostatic IMPS and galvanostatic IMVS transfer functions of complete DSCs that are applicable at any operating point along the solar cell current-voltage (IV) curve.

Treatment of pathological gambling with naltrexone pharmacotherapy and brief intervention: a pilot study.

We explored the efficacy of the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, as a treatment for pathological gambling. Treatment seeking pathological gamblers (n = 39) (according to both South Oaks Gambling Screen and a screen based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) participated into our treatment study during 2009. The subjects were instructed to use 50 mg of naltrexone before gambling or when feeling craving towards gambling.

Effectiveness of buprenorphine maintenance treatment as compared to a syringe exchange program among buprenorphine misusing opioid-dependent patients.

Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) among opioid dependents who are mainly misusing buprenorphine intravenously.

Methods: The study was a prospective naturalistic follow-up with a non-randomized control group. In Finland, 30 opioid dependents reporting previous misuse of buprenorphine and participating in the outpatient BMT and 30 matched controls participating in a syringe exchange program (SEP) were followed.

Device physics of dye solar cells.

Design of new materials for nanostructured dye solar cells (DSC) requires understanding the link between the material properties and cell efficiency. This paper gives an overview of the fundamental and practical aspects of the modeling and characterization of DSCs, and integrates the knowledge into a user-friendly DSC device model. Starting from basic physical and electrochemical concepts, mathematical expressions for the IV curve and differential resistance of all resistive cell components are derived and their relation to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is explained.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its derivatives in screening for heavy drinking among the elderly.

Objective: The performance of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in screening for heavy drinking among the elderly has been unsatisfactory. The aim of the present study was to determine whether tailoring the cut point improves the performance of the AUDIT and its derivatives in this age group.

Methods: From a stratified random sample of 804 Finns aged 65-74 years, 517 subjects (64.

Thin film nano solar cells--from device optimization to upscaling.

Stainless steel based dye solar cells have been upscaled from small, laboratory size test cells of 0.32 cm2 active area to 6 cm x 6 cm "mini-modules" with active areas ca. 15 cm2.

[Neurobiology of pathological gambling].

Approximately one third of problem gamblers in Finland suffer from pathological gambling. An essential factor affecting the genesis of pathological gambling is a dysfunction of the dopaminergic reward system. It may be associated with the pleasure arising from gambling along with the reward and expectance of reward.

Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality among elderly in Finland.

Aims: To estimate the gender-specific prevalences of alcohol consumption levels and to investigate the association between heavy drinking and all-cause mortality among elderly males.

Design: A cohort derived from a nationally representative sample of Finns aged >65 years was followed for six years. Number of subjects was 1569 (72.

Primary human hepatocytes are protected against complement by multiple regulators.

Inflammatory liver disorders are often associated with a potentially tissue damaging complement activation directly at the main site of complement protein synthesis. As hepatocytes may be the primary target of complement attack, we investigated the expression and protective capacity of soluble and membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Isolated PHHs were analyzed for their basal and cytokine-induced complement regulator expression by cytofluorometry, rtPCR, confocal laser microscopy and ELISA.

AUDIT and its abbreviated versions in detecting heavy and binge drinking in a general population survey.

Background: The aim of this study was to define optimal cut points for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its abbreviated versions (AUDIT-C, AUDIT-QF, and AUDIT-3), and to evaluate how effectively these questionnaires detect heavy drinking in the general population.

Methods: The study population consisted of a sub-sample of the National FINRISK Study. A stratified random sample of 3216 Finns, aged 25-64, was invited to a health check.

Hazardous drinking: prevalence and associations in the Finnish general population.

Background: Hazardous drinking, defined as consuming alcohol on a risky level and not meeting the diagnostic criteria of alcohol use disorders (AUDs), has been suggested for a new complementary nondependence diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associations of hazardous drinking in comparison to AUDs, moderate drinking, and abstinence.

Methods: A national representative sample of Finns was examined in the Health 2000 Survey.