Pentoxifylline as a Novel Add-on Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Adult Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Evidence indicates an association between immune dysregulation and major depressive disorder (MDD). Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has been shown to reduce pro-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in depressive symptoms and pro-inflammatory markers after administration of PTX as an adjunctive agent to citalopram in patients with MDD.

Ex vivo treatment with poly (I:C) alleviates the exhausted phenotype of tumor-infiltrating TCD8 cells of gastric cancer patients.

Gastric cancer is associated with the phenotypic and functional exhaustion of TCD8 cells. On the other hand, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are known to reinforce immune responses when used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. Since the compromised signaling of pro-inflammatory pathways is usually associated with T cell exhaustion, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C))-mediated TLR3 activation in restoring the normal phenotype and function of tumor-infiltrating TCD8 cells.

Piperine suppresses inflammatory fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from rheumatoid arthritis patients Via NF-κB inhibition.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease recognized by hyperplasia of synoviocytes and chronic joint inflammation. Activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) is one of the main features of RA which can trigger inflammation leading to articular cartilage and joint destruction. Aberrant activation of NF-κB signaling cascade was found to be responsible for the high proliferation and defective apoptosis of FLSs and subsequent inflammation in RA.