The Influence of the Pretreatment Immune State on Response to Radiation Therapy in High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Validation Study From NRG/RTOG 0521.

Purpose: The immunoinflammatory state has been shown to be associated with poor outcomes after radiation therapy (RT). We conducted an a priori designed validation study using serum specimens from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0521. It was hypothesized the pretreatment inflammatory state would correlate with clinical outcomes.

Changes in patterns of youth multiple tobacco and/or e-cigarette product use in the US between 2014 and 2020: a multiple-group latent class analysis.

Background: Multiple tobacco and e-cigarette product (MTEP) use, the concurrent use of two or more different types of tobacco and/or e-cigarettes products, is common among young people in the US. Changes in patterns of MTEP use among US youth between 2014 and 2020 were identified and the determinants of MTEP use were examined.

Methods: Four years of repeated cross-sectional data from the US National Youth Tobacco Survey of middle and high school students from grade 6 to 12 (N=77 402).

A Prior Knowledge-Guided, Deep Learning-Based Semiautomatic Segmentation for Complex Anatomy on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Purpose: Despite recent substantial improvement in autosegmentation using deep learning (DL) methods, labor-intensive and time-consuming slice-by-slice manual editing is often needed, particularly for complex anatomy (eg, abdominal organs). This work aimed to develop a fast, prior knowledge-guided DL semiautomatic segmentation (DL-SAS) method for complex structures on abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Methods And Materials: A novel application using contours on an adjacent slice as a prior knowledge informant in a 2-dimensional UNet DL model to guide autosegmentation for a subsequent slice was implemented for DL-SAS.

Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use for medicinal reasons - An Australian cross-sectional study.

Objective: It is important to know the prevalence and source of medicinal cannabis use in the population because non-prescribed medicinal use of cannabis products places individuals at higher risk of harms. We estimated the prevalence and correlates of the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes in Australia, three years after Australians were given legal access.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Causal inference with observational data in addiction research.

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for making causal inferences, but RCTs are often not feasible in addiction research for ethical and logistic reasons. Observational data from real-world settings have been increasingly used to guide clinical decisions and public health policies. This paper introduces the potential outcomes framework for causal inference and summarizes well-established causal analysis methods for observational data, including matching, inverse probability treatment weighting, the instrumental variable method and interrupted time-series analysis with controls.

Adaptive Radiation Therapy Physician Guidelines: Recommendations From an Expert Users' Panel.

Purpose: Online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) allows real-time plan generation and delivery to account for daily anatomic changes. Owing to the time-intensive nature of this process, physicians frequently cover adaptive treatments for patients whose original treatment plan was prescribed by another provider. There is currently no published guidance on the contents of physician sign-outs, or adaptive guidelines, to ensure the safe and consistent delivery of adaptive treatments.

Trends in the use of cannabis products in Canada and the USA, 2018 - 2020: Findings from the International Cannabis Policy Study.

Background And Aims: There is little information on consumption patterns across the diverse range of cannabis product types. This paper examines trends in consumption patterns in Canada and the United States (US) between 2018-2020.

Design: Repeat cross-sectional surveys were conducted as part of the International Cannabis Policy Study online survey in 2018 (n=27,024), 2019 (n=45,426), and 2020 (n=45,180).

Age-period-cohort analysis of trends in tobacco smoking, cannabis use, and their co-use in the Australian population.

Background And Aim: The prevalence of tobacco smoking has declined in most high-income countries, while cannabis use has been rising. Moreover, cannabis use has been found to have increased among cigarette smokers in recent years in jurisdictions where it has been either decriminalized or legalized. This study measured trends in cannabis, tobacco and the co-use of cannabis and tobacco in Australia.

The emerging importance of tackling sleep-diet interactions in lifestyle interventions for weight management.

Sleep habits are directly related to risk of obesity, and this relationship may be partly mediated through food choices and eating behaviour. Short sleep duration, impaired sleep quality and suboptimal sleep timing are all implicated in weight gain and adverse cardiometabolic health, at least partly mediated through their associations with diet quality. Short-term sleep restriction leads to increased energy intake, and habitually short sleepers report dietary intakes that indicate a less healthy diet compared with adequate sleepers.

First multicentre experience of SABR for lymph node and liver oligometastatic disease on the unity MR-Linac.

The treatment of oligometastatic disease using MR guidance is an evolving field. Since August 2018 patients are treated on a 1.5 Tesla MR-Linac (MRL).

Association between the implementation of tobacco control policies and adolescent vaping in 44 lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries.

Aim: To (i) estimate the prevalence of adolescent vaping in 47 lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income countries, and (ii) test the association between implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) tobacco control policies and adolescent e-cigarette use (also known as vaping) in 44 countries where implementation data were available.

Design: Cross-sectional surveys.

Settings: A total of 47 lower-middle, upper-middle and high-income countries.

Sexual and Relationship Violence Among LGBTQ+ College Students: A Scoping Review.

Although there has been increased attention to campus sexual and relationship violence (SRV) because of Title IX and the #MeToo movement, much of that attention has focused on victimization of cisgender heterosexual women. This scoping review uncovers information from empirical studies on what is known about LGBTQ+ (e.g.

A Systematic Review of Trends in US Attitudes toward Cannabis Legalization.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted for publications in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO up to October 2019. Six studies with a regionally or nationally representative adult US-based populations were included. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health.

State-Level Prevalence and Associates of Opioid Dependence in the USA.

Traditionally, opioid-related disease burden was primarily due to heroin use. However, increases in extra-medical (or non-medicinal use of prescription opioids; NMPOs) use has precipitated the current overdose epidemic in North America. We aim to examine the state-level prevalence of heroin and NMPO dependence and their associations with opioid-related mortality and state-level socio-demographic profiles.

Glu in rabies virus glycoprotein is involved in virus attenuation through astrocyte infection and interferon responses.

The amino acid residue at position 333 of the rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein (G333) is a major determinant of RABV pathogenicity. Virulent RABV strains possess Arg, whereas the attenuated strain HEP-Flury (HEP) possesses Glu. To investigate the potential attenuation mechanism dependent on a single amino acid at G333, comparative analysis was performed between HEP and HEPR mutant with Arg.

No Taxation Without Representation: Addressing the "Deaf Tax" in Academic Medicine.

Minority faculty and trainees experience unique factors that can hinder their success in academic medicine-collectively referred to as "minority tax." The authors argue that a similar "deaf tax" of unique barriers, experiences, and responsibilities disproportionately burdens deaf trainees and faculty. The cumulative effects of these deaf tax experiences represent a significant disadvantage for deaf professionals in academic medicine.

Tobacco and nicotine use.

Tobacco smoking is a major determinant of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. More than a billion people smoke, and without major increases in cessation, at least half will die prematurely from tobacco-related complications. In addition, people who smoke have a significant reduction in their quality of life.

Risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and the development of psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Epidemiological studies show a dose-response association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis. This review aimed to determine whether there are identifiable risk-thresholds between the frequency of cannabis use and psychosis development.

Methods: Systematic search of Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science for relevant studies (1 January 2010-26 April 2021).

Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis.

Objectives: The liberalisation of cannabis laws, the increasing availability and potency of cannabis has renewed concern about the risk of psychosis with cannabis.

Methods: The objective of the WFSBP task force was to review the literature about this relationship.

Results: Converging lines of evidence suggest that exposure to cannabis increases the risk for psychoses ranging from transient psychotic states to chronic recurrent psychosis.

Technical Radiotherapy Advances - The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Radiation in the Delivery of Hypofractionation.

Safe delivery of hypofractionated radiotherapy requires high levels of accuracy due to the high doses of radiation delivered per fraction. Magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) represents a new treatment paradigm which allows improved visualisation of targets and organs at risk, alongside the capability to adapt the treatment plan in real time prior to treatment delivery. There are challenges to delivering hypofractionated radiotherapy with conventional image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) techniques and MRgRT may help to improve accuracy in radiation delivery in a number of clinical and anatomical scenarios.