Cigarette Smoking Cessation Counselling in Pregnant Smokers with Mental Illness/Substance Use Disorders.

Our objective was to determine if past-year mental illness and substance use disorders (SUD) among pregnant smokers predicted the probability of receipt of counselling for cigarette smoking cessation. A secondary analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2016-2019 was conducted. We found that approximately 83% of pregnant smokers ( = 373) received screening for cigarette smoking, and 65% received cessation counselling.

Parent-Researcher Perspectives on Role Intersectionality Related to Autism Research.

Although parents of children with autism who are also experts in a related profession have been instrumental in shaping current practices, there is little known about parent-researchers and the benefits and obstacles to including individuals with these intersectional identities on autism focused research teams. The following study used collaborative autoethnographies from three parent-researchers hired for a large scale, federally funded project. The parent-researchers, and co-authors, collaborated on all phases of the reported study.

The Pandemic Experience for People with Depressive Symptoms: Substance Use, Finances, Access to Treatment, and Trusted Sources of Information.

Background: Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are well recognized, but little is known about the pandemic experience among people experiencing mental health symptoms.

Methods: In June 2020, a national sample of 5023 U.S.

Microbiome-based interventions to modulate gut ecology and the immune system.

The gut microbiome lies at the intersection between the environment and the host, with the ability to modify host responses to disease-relevant exposures and stimuli. This is evident in how enteric microbes interact with the immune system, e.g.

The Vision Detroit Project: Integrated Screening and Community Eye-Health Education Interventions Improve Eyecare Awareness.

Purpose: Poor eye-health knowledge and health literacy are pervasive, contributing to worse outcomes. This study aims to examine short- and long-term eye-health knowledge retention following eye-health education interventions in adults.

Methods: Vision Detroit was an outreach vision screening program that integrated a 5-Point Teaching Intervention (5PTI), at a Southwest Community Center (SW-CC) from 2015-2017.

Surprisingly high prevalence rates of severe psychological distress among consumers who purchase loot boxes in video games.

Loot boxes are randomised rewards available in some video games, often purchasable for real-world money. Loot boxes have been likened to conventional forms of gambling and may satisfy legal requirements to be considered bona fide gambling in some jurisdictions. Research has consistently shown that people with problem gambling symptoms report spending more on these mechanisms than people without such symptoms.

Quality measurement and surveillance platforms in critically ill children: A scoping review.

Background/aim: The objective of this study was to describe current surveillance platforms which support routine quality measurement in paediatric critical care.

Method: Scoping review. The search strategy consisted of a traditional database and grey literature search as well as expert consultation.

The early-life gut microbiome and vaccine efficacy.

Vaccines are one of the greatest successes of public health, preventing millions of cases of disease and death in children each year. However, the efficacy of many vaccines can vary greatly between infants from geographically and socioeconomically distinct locations. Differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiome have emerged as one of the main factors that can account for variations in immunisation outcomes.

Exclusively breastmilk-fed preterm infants are at high risk of developing subclinical vitamin K deficiency despite intramuscular prophylaxis at birth.

Background: There is near-global consensus that all newborns be given parenteral vitamin K (VK ) at birth as prophylaxis against VK deficiency bleeding (VKDB). Breastmilk has a low VK content and cases of late VKDB are reported in exclusively breastmilk-fed preterm infants despite VK prophylaxis at birth.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of functional VK insufficiency in preterm infants based on elevated under-γ-carboxylated (Glu) species of Gla proteins, factor II (PIVKA-II), and osteocalcin (GluOC), synthesized by liver and bone, respectively.

Supporting adjuvant endocrine therapy adherence in women with breast cancer: the development of a complex behavioural intervention using Intervention Mapping guided by the Multiphase Optimisation Strategy.

Background: Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) reduces the risk of breast cancer recurrence and mortality. However, up to three-quarters of women with breast cancer do not take AET as prescribed. Existing interventions to support adherence to AET have largely been unsuccessful, and have not focused on the most salient barriers to adherence.

Discovery of compounds that reactivate p53 mutants in vitro and in vivo.

The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated protein in human cancer. The majority of these mutations are missense mutations in the DNA binding domain of p53. Restoring p53 tumor suppressor function could have a major impact on the therapy for a wide range of cancers.

Inter- and intraspecific variation in mycotoxin tolerance: A study of four species.

Many mycophagous species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter- and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait.

Surveying UK sheep farmers' vaccination techniques and the impact of vaccination training.

Background: Vaccines are commonly used in sheep farming. However, compliance with vaccination protocols and subsequent suboptimal vaccination techniques are concerns in the industry.

Methods: An online survey containing 31 questions encompassing vaccination storage, technique and training was distributed to UK sheep farmers.

Comorbid Chronic Diseases and Survival in Compensated and Decompensated Cirrhosis: A Population-Based Study.

Introduction: The burden of liver disease is substantial and increasing; the impact of comorbid chronic diseases on the clinical course of patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis is not well-defined. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and additive impact of comorbid chronic diseases on mortality in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods: In this population-based study, we used Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-dependent covariates to assess the impact of comorbid chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease [CVD]) on mortality in patients with cirrhosis in a large, diverse Metroplex.

Validation of shear wave elastography as a noninvasive measure of pelvic floor muscle stiffness.

Objectives: To investigate the validity of shear wave elastography (SWE) as a measure of stiffness of the puborectalis muscle by examining: (1) the relationship between puborectalis muscle stiffness and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) activation at different intensities; and (2) the relationship between puborectalis stiffness and pelvic floor morphometry during contractions at different intensities.

Methods: Fifteen healthy asymptomatic women performed 6-s isometric PFM contractions at different intensities (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction) guided by intravaginal electromyography (EMG). Stiffness of the puborectalis muscle was measured using SWE by calculating the average shear modulus in regions of interest that contained puborectalis muscle fibers parallel to the transducer.

A disector-based framework for the automatic optical fractionator.

Stereology-based methods provide the current state-of-the-art approaches for accurate quantification of numbers and other morphometric parameters of biological objects in stained tissue sections. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep learning (DL) offers the possibility of improving throughput by automating the collection of stereology data. We have recently shown that DL can effectively achieve comparable accuracy to manual stereology but with higher repeatability, improved throughput, and less variation due to human factors by quantifying the total number of immunostained cells at their maximal profile of focus in extended depth of field (EDF) images.

Disease burden, associated mortality and economic impact of antimicrobial resistant infections in Australia.

Background: The growing spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is accepted as a threat to humans, animals and the environment. This threat is considered to be both country specific and global, with bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment geographically dispersed. Despite this, we have very few Australian estimates available that use national surveillance data supplemented with measures of risk, to generate reliable and actionable measures of AMR impact.

Health service COVID-19 wellbeing and support initiatives: a mixed-methods evaluation.

Background: Health services implemented a range of initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic to support employee wellbeing and assist employees to manage the professional and personal challenges they experienced. However, it is not known if such initiatives were acceptable to employees or met their needs.

Aims: To evaluate the wellbeing and support initiatives implemented at an Australian health service during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of employees (both users and non-users) and key stakeholders.

Survival benefit of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients undergoing treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.

Background: Treatment with somatostatin analogues (SSAs) or pancreaticoduodenectomy frequently causes malnutrition-inducing pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. This single-centre retrospective cohort study aimed to establish whether pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) improves survival or nutritional status in SSA or pancreaticoduodenectomy-treated patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs).

Methods: SSA and/or pancreaticoduodenectomy-treated patients with pNETs, diagnosed between 2009 and 2019, (n = 77) were retrospectively identified from departmental databases.

Impact of Frailty on Short-Term Outcomes After Laparoscopic and Open Hepatectomy.

Background: Although laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) is associated with improved short-term outcomes compared to open hepatectomy (OH), it is unknown whether frail patients also benefit from LH. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of frailty on post-operative outcomes after LH and OH.

Patients And Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent LH and OH between January 2011 and December 2018 were identified from a prospective database.

Psychometric Evaluation of Three Translated Measures of Functional Health Literacy among Jordanians.

Assessment of functional health literacy (FHL) is not integrated into clinical settings in Jordan possibly because relevant psychometric studies are lacking. The aim of this secondary analysis of data on family caregivers ( = 115) was to evaluate the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of three measures of FHL among Jordanians: the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Revised (REALM-R), and the Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS). Cronbach's alpha was excellent for the S-TOFHLA (.

Education and Psychosocial Factors Predict Odds of Death After Transfer to Adult health Care in Pediatric Liver Transplant Patients.

Objectives: To analyze demographic, psychosocial, and clinical factors in pediatric liver transplant recipients for their association with death or loss to follow up in adulthood. We aimed to better understand known health disparities in transplant outcomes and identify potentially modifiable risk factors prior to transfer.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of children who underwent liver transplantation at a large tertiary transplant center and were transferred to adult care between 2000 and 2015.