Early Life Stress Drives Sex-Selective Impairment in Reversal Learning by Affecting Parvalbumin Interneurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex of Mice.

Poverty, displacement, and parental stress represent potent sources of early life stress (ELS). Stress disproportionately affects females, who are at increased risk for stress-related pathologies associated with cognitive impairment. Mechanisms underlying stress-associated cognitive impairment and enhanced risk of females remain unknown.

Early life stress leads to sex differences in development of depressive-like outcomes in a mouse model.

Childhood trauma and neglect influence emotional development and increase the risk for and severity of mental illness. Women have a heightened susceptibility to the effects of early life stress (ELS) and are twice as likely as men to develop debilitating, stress-associated disorders later in life, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Until now, mouse models of depression have been largely unsuccessful at replicating the diverse symptomatology of this disease and the sex bias in vulnerability.

Early life stress leads to developmental and sex selective effects on performance in a novel object placement task.

Disruptions in early life care, including neglect, extreme poverty, and trauma, influence neural development and increase the risk for and severity of pathology. Significant sex disparities have been identified for affective pathology, with females having an increased risk of developing anxiety and depressive disorder. However, the effects of early life stress (ELS) on cognitive development have not been as well characterized, especially in reference to sex specific impacts of ELS on cognitive abilities over development.

Near-infrared fluorescent digital pathology for the automation of disease diagnosis and biomarker assessment.

Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of tissue has been the mainstay of pathology for more than a century. However, the learning curve for H&E tissue interpretation is long, whereas intra- and interobserver variability remain high. Computer-assisted image analysis of H&E sections holds promise for increased throughput and decreased variability but has yet to demonstrate significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy.

Structure-activity relationship of nerve-highlighting fluorophores.

Nerve damage is a major morbidity associated with numerous surgical interventions. Yet, nerve visualization continues to challenge even the most experienced surgeons. A nerve-specific fluorescent contrast agent, especially one with near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission, would be of immediate benefit to patients and surgeons.