Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids to Identify New Pathologies in Patients With PDX1 Mutations.

Background & Aims: Two patients with homozygous mutations in PDX1 presented with pancreatic agenesis, chronic diarrhea, and poor weight gain, the causes of which were not identified through routine clinical testing. We aimed to perform a deep analysis of the stomach and intestine using organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from PDX1 patients.

Methods: Gastric fundic, antral, and duodenal organoids were generated using induced pluripotent stem cell lines from a PDX1 patient and an isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell line where the PDX1 point mutation was corrected.

Granulomas in Diagnostic Biopsies Associated With High Risk of Crohn's Complications-But May Be Preventable.

Background: Granulomatous intestinal inflammation may be associated with aggressive Crohn's disease (CD) behavior. However, this has not been confirmed, and it is unknown if associated disease complications are preventable.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort of patients younger than 21 years at CD diagnosis (November 1, 2005 to November 11, 2015).

Development and Testing of a New Simplified Endoscopic Mucosal Assessment for Crohn's Disease: The SEMA-CD.

Objectives: Endoscopic mucosal improvement is the gold standard for assessing treatment efficacy in clinical trials of Crohn's disease. Current endoscopic indices are not routinely used in clinical practice. The lack of endoscopic information in large clinical registries limits their use for research.

Evolution of retinoic acid receptors in chordates: insights from three lamprey species, Lampetra fluviatilis, Petromyzon marinus, and Lethenteron japonicum.

Background: Retinoic acid (RA) signaling controls many developmental processes in chordates, from early axis specification to late organogenesis. The functions of RA are chiefly mediated by a subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs), that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. While RARs have been extensively studied in jawed vertebrates (that is, gnathostomes) and invertebrate chordates, very little is known about the repertoire and developmental roles of RARs in cyclostomes, which are extant jawless vertebrates.

Ileal dysgenesis coexisting with multiple enteric duplication cysts in a child--MR enterography, CT, and Meckel scan appearances.

There are numerous causes of iron deficiency anemia due to gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children. While a very thorough history may elucidate common etiologies, such as cow's milk protein-induced colitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related gastritis or peptic ulcer disease, other less frequent causes often present a diagnostic challenge. We present the MR enterography (MRE), CT and Meckel scan findings of ileal dysgenesis coexisting with multiple enteric duplication cysts in a young child who presented with chronic iron deficiency anemia, recurrent gastrointestinal tract bleeding and unexplained bowel perforation.