Neural responses to reward, threat, and emotion regulation and transition to hazardous alcohol use.

Aims: Reward processing and regulation of emotions are thought to impact the development of addictive behaviors. In this study, we aimed to determine whether neural responses during reward anticipation, threat appraisal, emotion reactivity, and cognitive reappraisal predicted the transition from low-level to hazardous alcohol use over a 12-month period.

Methods: Seventy-eight individuals aged 18-22 with low-level alcohol use [i.

Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Point-of-Care Ultrasonography Quality Criteria Checklist: An International Consensus Statement on Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Imaging and Measurement.

Objectives: To standardize optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) and improve its research and clinical utility by developing the ONSD POCUS Quality Criteria Checklist (ONSD POCUS QCC).

Design: Three rounds of modified Delphi consensus process and three rounds of asynchronous discussions.

Setting: Online surveys and anonymous asynchronous discussion.

Neural response to threat and reward among young adults at risk for alcohol use disorder.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is heritable. Thus, young adults with positive family histories represent an at-risk group relative to those without a family history, and if studied at a time when both groups have similar levels of alcohol use, it provides an opportunity to identify neural processing patterns associated with risk for AUD. Previous studies have shown that diminished response to potential reward is associated with genetic risk for AUD, but it is unclear how threat may modulate this response.

Imaging of Central Nervous System Hemorrhage.

Objective: This article aims to familiarize the reader with the various types of nontraumatic central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage and the various neuroimaging modalities used to help diagnose and manage them.

Latest Developments: According to the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, intraparenchymal hemorrhage accounts for 28% of the global stroke burden. In the United States, hemorrhagic stroke makes up 13% of all strokes.

Investigating the effect of neonatal resuscitation simulation using a competency-based approach on knowledge, skill, and self-confidence of midwifery students using objective structured clinical examination (OSCE).

Background: First-day neonate death has the highest rate in infant mortality. Using modern educational methods such as simulation and competency can be effective in improving learners' performance and subsequently their confidence.

Material And Method: This study was a quasi-experimental intervention on 80 midwifery students of semester 3, 4, and 5 undergraduate degrees.

Sex education and Afghan migrant adolescent women.

Introduction: Successful sex is one of the greatest behavioral needs of couples, especially those who marry at an early age. The best way to access information is education and learning. Face to face training is one of the most common methods, with the advancement of technology, multimedia training can be a good alternative method to sex education.

A survey of public restrooms microbial contamination in Tehran city, capital of Iran, during 2019.

Introduction: Daily use of public restrooms may have a significant impact on spreading infectious diseases. Human society could be affected by spreading of transitional infectious diseases through feces, urinary tract infection and poor personal hygiene. According to the World Health Organization reports, plenty of people's developed diseases caused by contaminated public restrooms that may result in severe health problems.

The benefits of mechanical insufflator-exsufflator compared to autogenic drainage in adults with cystic fibrosis.

Background: Autogenic drainage (AD) is used for airway clearance in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). The mechanical insufflator-exsufflator (MI-E) device is commonly used in patients with neuromuscular diseases for airway clearance by increasing inspiratory volume and expiratory flow. MI-E use has not been studied extensively in CF patients.