Correlation between disinfection efficacy and cumulative amount of free chlorine reaching various positions during ultrasonic fogging with hypochlorite solution.

When a hypochlorite solution is ultrasonically fogged in a room, free chlorine, i.e., HOCl and OCl, reaches various positions in two forms: fine fog droplets and gaseous hypochlorous acid（HOCl）.

Impact of fresh-frozen plasma from male-only donors versus mixed-sex donors on postoperative respiratory function in surgical patients: a prospective case-controlled study.

Background: To reduce the risk of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), plasma products are mainly made from male donors in some countries because of the lower possibility of alloimmunization; other countries are considering this policy. The advantage of male-only fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) should be examined in a prospective case-control study.

Study Design And Methods: This study compared pulmonary function after the transfusion of FFP derived from either male donors only (FFP-male) or mixed donors (FFP-mixed) in informed surgical patients treated at a tertiary university hospital in Japan.

Thickening properties and emulsification mechanisms of new derivatives of polysaccharide in aqueous solution 2. The effect of the substitution ratio of hydrophobic/hydrophilic moieties.

The thickening properties and association behavior of aqueous solutions of HHM-HEC (hydrophobically-hydrophilically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose) with various hydrophobic and hydrophilic substitution degrees were investigated. The HHM-HEC was used as an oil-in-water emulsifier and stable compositional regions were investigated as a function of polymer concentration and substitution degree. The viscosity of aqueous solutions of HHM-HEC increased drastically at lower concentration for HHM-HEC with a higher hydrophobic/hydrophilic substitution ratio.

Mechanism of oil-in-water emulsification using a water-soluble amphiphilic polymer and lipophilic surfactant.

A new O/W (oil-in-water) emulsification system was developed using the amphiphilic polymer HHM-HEC (hydrophobically-hydrophilically modified hydroxyethylcellulose) and a lipophilic surfactant. HHM-HEC was used as a thickener and polymeric surfactant, and the addition of small quantities of various types of nonionic lipophilic surfactant (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance <5) decreased the droplet size of several types of oil due to a lowering of the tension at the water/oil interface. The oil droplets were held by the strong network structure of the aqueous HHM-HEC solution, preserving the O/W phase without inversion.

Thickening properties and emulsification mechanisms of new derivatives of polysaccharides in aqueous solution.

The thickening properties of aqueous solutions of HHM-HEC (hydrophobically-hydrophilically modified hydroxyethylcellulose) and the emulsification mechanisms of HHM-HEC/water/oil systems were investigated. A dramatic increase in viscosity was observed with increased HHM-HEC concentration in water, caused by aggregation of hydrophobic alkyl chains. At higher concentrations of HHM-HEC (above 0.