Advances and challenges in MXene-based electrocatalysts: unlocking the potential for sustainable energy conversion.

MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional materials, have garnered significant attention for their promising electrocatalytic properties in various energy conversion applications such as water splitting, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and nitrogen reduction reactions. Their excellent electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and versatile surface chemistry enable exceptional catalytic performance. This review highlights recent advancements in the design and application strategies of MXenes as electrocatalysts, focusing on key reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR).