Syringic acid attenuates acute lung injury by modulating macrophage polarization in LPS-induced mice.

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a continuum of lung changes caused by multiple lung injuries, characterized by a syndrome of uncontrolled systemic inflammation that often leads to significant morbidity and death. Anti-inflammatory is one of its treatment methods, but there is no safe and available drug therapy. Syringic acid (SA) is a natural organic compound commonly found in a variety of plants, especially in certain woody plants and fruits.

Metformin Increases the Response of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells to Gemcitabine by Suppressing Pyruvate Kinase M2 to Activate Mitochondrial Apoptosis.

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major challenge related to cancer treatment, and increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to therapeutic drugs is a major focus of cancer treatment.

Aims: We purposed to explore the role of Metformin in CCA involved in chemotherapeutic sensitivity and Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) through regulating mitochondrial apoptosis in the present study.

Sinomenine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by targeting GBP5 and regulating the P2X7 receptor to suppress NLRP3-related signaling pathways.

Sinomenine (SIN) is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Sinomenii Caulis, a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinical trials have shown that SIN has comparable efficacy to methotrexate in treating patients with RA but with fewer adverse effects. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory effects and therapeutic targets of SIN in LPS-induced RAW264.

Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Computational Studies of Mannich Bases Oxadiazole Derivatives as New Class of Jack Bean Urease Inhibitors.

Mannich bases consisting of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione (3 a-3 l) bearing various substituents were synthesized and found potent jack bean urease inhibitors. The prepared compounds showed significantly good inhibitory activities with IC values from 9.45±0.

Aqueous extract of Platycodon grandiflorus attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in mouse lungs by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling.

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI), an acute inflammatory lung disease, can cause a rapid inflammatory response in clinic, which endangers the patient's life. The components of platycodon grandiflorum, such as platycodins have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as expectorant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant properties, and can be used for improving human immunity. Previous studies have shown that aqueous extract of platycodon grandiflorum (PAE) has a certain protective effect on ALI, but the main pharmacodynamic components and the mechanism of action are not clear.

Selective enrichment of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in mouse faeces based on molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for HPLC analysis.

Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan (TRP) metabolites, especially the indole derivatives, function as critical modulators of intestinal immune function and integrity via modulating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Selective enrichment of these indole metabolites in biological samples is important for quantitative determination by routine methods such as HPLC. Here, we report a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of TRP-derived indole metabolites from faeces of mice.

Novel computer-assisted separation prediction strategy for online-enrichment-HPLC-FLD in simultaneous monitoring of bisphenols in children's water bottles.

An on-line enrichment-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (LC-FD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of nine bisphenols (BPs). In this process, we predicted the separation based on an in-house developed software allowing for calculating both retention time (t) and half-peak width (W) of the solute by mobile phase fraction (φ) under gradient conditions. The proposed strategy was applied to separation prediction of BPs with high accuracy.

[Determination of nine bisphenols in children's water bottle by online enrichment coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection].

A method was developed for the rapid determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and eight structural analogs in children's plastic water bottles by online enrichment coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The correlation coefficients of the nine bisphenols were greater than 0.998.

FÖrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors for biological applications.

FÖrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors have achieved great success for biological applications. However, what is not extensively appreciated is the growing role as versatile FRET biosensors within a similar biological context. This review provides a brief introduction of recent advances in principle, the designing strategies and kinds of applications of FRET biosensors.

[Simultaneous determination of six estrogens in dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-ion trap mass spectrometry coupled with matrix solid-phase dispersion and solid phase extraction].

Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) were respectively developed for the pretreatment six estrogens in milk powder and liquid milk. It was implied that MSPD was suitable for the treatment of milk powder, while SPE was suitable for liquid milk treatment. Based on the optimized pretreatment procedures, the method for the simultaneous determination of the six estrogens in different dairy products was established by high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TRAP-MS).

Simultaneous determination of sulfur compounds from the sulfur pathway in rat plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: application to the study of the effect of Shao Fu Zhu Yu decoction.

A sensitive, accurate, and time-saving approach was developed for the simultaneous quantification of eight sulfur compounds in the sulfur pathway, which could reflect the status of an organism, including oxidative stress, signal transduction, enzyme reaction, and so on. In order to overcome the instability of highly reactive sulfhydryl compounds, N-ethylmaleimide derivatization was adopted to effectively protect sulfhydryl-containing samples. Using isotope-labeled glutathione (GSH-C, N), the validated method was demonstrated to offer satisfactory linearity, accuracy, and precision.

The stochastic resonance algorithm with the direct current signal as external force and its application to the detection of weak chromatographic peaks.

As a potential tool for amplifying weak chromatographic peaks, the stochastic resonance algorithm was developed based upon a counterintuitive physical phenomenon. Therefore, the essential step, parameter optimization, was perplexing and difficult for analysts. In order to avoid optimizing the system parameters on a case-by-case basis, an improved algorithm was proposed by introducing a constant or direct current signal into the signal to be measured as the external force.

Development and application of a comprehensive lipidomic analysis to investigate Tripterygium wilfordii-induced liver injury.

Lipid metabolic pathways play pivotal roles in liver function, and disturbances of these pathways are associated with various diseases. Thus, comprehensive characterization and measurement of lipid metabolites are essential to deciphering the contributions of lipid network metabolism to diseases or its responses to drug intervention. Here, we report an integrated lipidomic analysis for the comprehensive detection of lipid metabolites.

Pharmacokinetics, intestinal absorption and microbial metabolism of single platycodin D in comparison to Platycodi radix extract.

Background: Platycodi radix, the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC, has been widely used as food and herb medicine for treating cough, cold and other respiratory ailments, and platycodin D (PD) is one of the most important compounds in Platycodi Radix.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics, intestinal absorption and microbial metabolism of PD in monomer with that in Platycodi radix extract (PRE).

The application of multiobjective genetic algorithm to the parameter optimization of single-well potential stochastic resonance algorithm aimed at simultaneous determination of multiple weak chromatographic peaks.

Simultaneous determination of multiple weak chromatographic peaks via stochastic resonance algorithm attracts much attention in recent years. However, the optimization of the parameters is complicated and time consuming, although the single-well potential stochastic resonance algorithm (SSRA) has already reduced the number of parameters to only one and simplified the process significantly. Even worse, it is often difficult to keep amplified peaks with beautiful peak shape.

[Analysis of metabolites of daphnetin in the intestinal wall of rats by liquid chromatography and quatrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry].

In this study, daphnetin and its major metabolites in the intestinal wall of rats were identified by liquid chromatography and quatrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Perfusion fluid of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were collected separately for 2 hours from the rat intestine following perfusion with daphnetin. The metabolites of daphnetin in the perfusion fluid of different intestine segments were analyzed by the liquid chromatography and quatrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry.

Modeling of autocatalytic hydrolysis of adefovir dipivoxil in solid formulations.

The stability and hydrolysis kinetics of a phosphate prodrug, adefovir dipivoxil, in solid formulations were studied. The stability relationship between five solid formulations was explored. An autocatalytic mechanism for hydrolysis could be proposed according to the kinetic behavior which fits the Prout-Tompkins model well.

Application of the stochastic resonance algorithm to the simultaneous quantitative determination of multiple weak peaks of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The stochastic resonance algorithm (SRA) has been developed as a potential tool for amplifying and determining weak chromatographic peaks in recent years. However, the conventional SRA cannot be applied directly to ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOFMS). The obstacle lies in the fact that the narrow peaks generated by UPLC contain high-frequency components which fall beyond the restrictions of the theory of stochastic resonance.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass/mass spectrometry method for the quantification of rabeprazole in human plasma and application to a pharmacokinetic study.

A rapid, simple and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the measurement of rabeprazole (CAS 117976-89-3) concentrations in human plasma and its use in bioavailability studies has been evaluated. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.05-2.

Coupled stochastic resonance to improve chromatography determinations.

Traditional bistable stochastic resonance has been demonstrated as an effective tool to detect the weak signal in a strong noise background. To achieve a better signal-to-noise ratio for the output signal, a coupled stochastic resonance was developed by nonlinearly coupling two double-well potential systems. The response characteristics of coupled stochastic resonance subjected to analytical signals have been investigated and compared with those of bistable stochastic resonance.

Tailoring noise frequency spectrum to improve NIR determinations.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) contains excessive background noise and weak analytical signals caused by near infrared overtones and combinations. That makes it difficult to achieve quantitative determinations of low concentration samples by NIR. A simple chemometric approach has been established to modify the noise frequency spectrum to improve NIR determinations.

Rapid identification of anterior and posterior root of cauda equina nerves by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

A new rapid chemometric method has been developed to identify the anterior and posterior roots of cauda equina nerves by near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. NIR spectra of nerves were measured using a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer equipped with a fiber-optic probe. The result revealed no observable difference in the spectra between the anterior and posterior root samples, but the two roots could be identified by cluster analysis based on the differences of their spectral features.