Contingency management for monosubstance use disorders: Systematic review and assessment of predicted versus obtained effects.

Contingency management (CM) is notably successful as a substance use disorder treatment and is most effective when targeting monosubstance use. Evidence suggests the effects of CM exceed predictions based on the value of the incentives delivered for monosubstance abstinence. In this systematic review, we examine common variations of CM interventions applied to a single substance to determine what factors may contribute to the larger effect.

Discounting of employment opportunities with urine drug testing requirements in opioid users enrolled in the Therapeutic Workplace.

Background: The evidence-based Therapeutic Workplace (TWP) is a promising employment-based treatment where access to work is contingent on objective evidence of abstinence from drugs. TWP is sometimes criticized for requiring individuals who use drugs to voluntarily enroll in a program requiring urine drug testing.

Objective: This experiment was conducted to assess whether urine drug testing as a condition of employment decreases the value of employment opportunities and to what degree.

A Systematic Review of Treatment Maintenance Strategies in Token Economies: Implications for Contingency Management.

Contingency management (CM) interventions are based on operant principles and are effective in promoting health behaviors. Despite their success, a common criticism of CM is that its effects to not persist after the intervention is withdrawn. Many CM studies evaluate posttreatment effects, but few investigate procedures for promoting maintenance.

Hyperbolic discounting and exponentiated demand: Modeling demand for cigarettes in three dimensions.

Behavioral economics has been a fruitful area of research in substance use. Mathematical descriptions of how individuals temporally discount the value of a commodity have been correlated with substance use and mathematical descriptions of drug consumption decreasing as a function of price (i.e.

A tribute to Howard Rachlin and his two-parameter discounting model: Reliable and flexible model fitting.

Delay discounting reflects the rate at which a reward loses its subjective value as a function of delay to that reward. Many models have been proposed to measure delay discounting, and many comparisons have been made among these models. We highlight the two-parameter delay discounting model popularized by Howard Rachlin by demonstrating two key practical features of the Rachlin model.

Notes on demand: Conceptual and empirical benefits of applying Rachlin's discounting equation to demand data.

Objective: Howard Rachlin wrote extensively on how value diminishes in a hyperbolic form, and he contributed to understanding choice processes between different commodities as a molar pattern of behavior. The field of behavioral economic demand has been dominated by exponential decay functions, indicating that decreases in consumption of a commodity are best fit by exponential functions. Because of the success of Rachlin's equation at describing how hyperbolic decay affects the value of a commodity across various factors (e.

Interest in and perceived effectiveness of contingency management among alcohol drinkers using behavioral economic purchase tasks.

Contingency management (CM), in which financial incentives are provided upon verification of abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes, and/or illicit substances, is one of the most highly effective and empirically supported treatments for substance use disorders. However, the financial cost of implementation has been identified as a major barrier to implementation of this treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop behavioral economic purchase tasks to assess interest in CM as a function of treatment cost and perceived effectiveness of CM as a function of abstinence incentive size in alcohol drinkers.

Behavioral economic demand modeling chronology, complexities, and considerations: Much ado about zeros.

Behavioral economic demand has been shown to have high utility in quantifying the value or consumption of a commodity. Demand describes the relationship between cost and consumption of a commodity, and tends to be curvilinear with consumption approaching zero as the cost increases to a sufficiently high cost to suppress consumption completely. Over a period spanning greater than three decades, behavioral economists have made great strides in the modeling of demand and addressing analytical challenges, although this work is not complete and unresolved challenges remain.

Smartphone-based incentives for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial.

Antiretroviral therapy can improve the lives of people living with HIV and reduce the rate of transmission. However, high levels of adherence are required. Some people living with HIV, including people who use drugs, are at elevated risk for non-adherence.

Sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of "bath salt" constituents, 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Background: Synthetic cathinones, 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), serve as a substrate or blocker at monoaminergic transporters, respectively, and produce locomotor stimulant effects in rodents. The present study investigated in rats the effects of repeated exposure to 4-MMC, MDPV, or mixtures of the two on the induction of locomotor sensitization and expression of cross-sensitization to cocaine.

Methods: Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline, MDPV (0.