Modulation of endogenous antioxidants by zinc and copper in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus).

Metal pollution is a long-standing concern and bioindicators are commonly used in ecotoxicological studies to monitor impacted wildlife populations for evidence of sublethal effects. Significant variation in the response of common biomarkers to metals is reported across taxa, thus necessitating careful characterization in model organisms. In this study, we describe the regulation of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), and metallothionein (MT) by zinc chloride (0.

Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus- Co-Infection.

Given that infection with () is the leading cause of death amongst individuals living with HIV, understanding the complex mechanisms by which exacerbates HIV infection may lead to improved treatment options or adjuvant therapies. While it is well-understood how HIV compromises the immune system and leaves the host vulnerable to opportunistic infections such as , less is known about the interplay of disease once active is established. This review explores how glutathione (GSH) depletion, T cell exhaustion, granuloma formation, and TNF-α upregulation, as a result of infection, leads to an increase in HIV disease severity.