AFM exposure in male balb/c mice and intervention strategies against its immuno-physiological toxicity using clay mineral and lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination.

Context: Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins that cause human and animal health concerns. Aflatoxin M (AFM) is the primary hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotoxicity in humans and animals. Because of the important role of dairy products in human life, especially children, AFM is such a major concern to humans because of its frequent occurrence in dairy products at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to human and animal health.