The deficiency of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and its ramification in the occurrence and prognosis of colon cancer.

The incidence and mortality of colon cancer are increasing, and effective biomarkers for its diagnosis are limited. 5-methylcytosine (5mC), a vital DNA methylation marker, plays important roles in gene expression, genomic imprinting, and transposon inhibition. This study aimed to identify the predictors of colon cancer prognosis and lay the foundation for research on therapeutic targets by detecting the levels of 5mC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formyl cytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) in colon cancer and adjacent non-tumor tissues.

Pilose antler (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus) polysaccharide and polypeptide extract inhibits bone resorption in high turnover type osteoporosis by stimulating the MAKP and MMP-9 signaling pathways.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Pilose antler is a traditional Chinese medicine used to improve kidney function, strengthen tendons and bones, and prolong life, among other uses. It is widely employed in the treatment of osteoporosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the treatment of high turnover osteoporosis are not fully understood.

Melatonin ameliorates microvessel abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Melatonin can attenuate cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury, but it remains unclear whether melatonin can also ameliorate cerebral microvascular abnormalities. Rat models of Alzheimer's disease were established by six intracerebroventricular injections of amyloid-beta 1-42, administered once every other day. Melatonin (30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 13 successive days, with the first dose given 24 hours prior to the first administration of amyloid-beta 1-42.

Cystamine slows but not inverses the progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats.

Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays an important role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Previous research indicate that TG2 and protein serotonylation catalyzed by TG2 are upregulated in PAH. Serotonin transporter inhibitor fluoxetine ameliorates PAH via inhibition of protein serotonylation.

Hyperoside exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects in LPS-stimulated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes in vitro and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis.

Aim: Hyperoside is a flavonol glycoside mainly found in plants of the genera Hypericum and Crataegus, which has shown anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of hyperoside on human rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in vitro and on mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in vivo.

Methods: FLSs were isolated from primary synovial tissues obtained from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and exposed to LPS (1 μg/mL).

Hyperoside induces both autophagy and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro.

Aim: Hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside) is a flavonol glycoside found in plants of the genera Hypericum and Crataegus, which exhibits anticancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study we investigated whether autophagy was involved in the anticancer mechanisms of hyperoside in human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro.

Methods: Human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 was tested, and human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was used for comparison.

Coccomyxa Gloeobotrydiformis Improves Learning and Memory in Intrinsic Aging Rats.

Declining in learning and memory is one of the most common and prominent problems during the aging process. Neurotransmitter changes, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal signal transduction were considered to participate in this process. In the present study, we examined the effects of Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis (CGD) on learning and memory ability of intrinsic aging rats.

Atorvastatin prevents Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Tau cleavage.

Aim: The proteolytic cleavage of Tau is involved in Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction and cell death. In this study, we investigated whether atorvastatin could prevent Tau cleavage and hence prevent Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons.

Methods: Cultured rat hippocampal neurons were incubated in the presence of AβOs (1.

Atorvastatin prevents amyloid-β peptide oligomer-induced synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction in rats through a p38 MAPK-dependent pathway.

Aim: To investigate whether atorvastatin treatment could prevent Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO)-induced synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction in rats, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective actions of atorvastatin.

Methods: SD rats were injected with AβOs (5 nmol, icv). The rats were administrated with atorvastatin (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po) for 2 consecutive weeks (the first dose was given 5 d before AβOs injection).

Atorvastatin enhances neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons in vitro via up-regulating the Akt/mTOR and Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathways.

Aim: To investigate whether atorvastatin can promote formation of neurites in cultured cortical neurons and the signaling mechanisms responsible for this effect.

Methods: Cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons were incubated with atorvastatin (0.05-10 μmol/L) for various lengths of time.