Complications of Estimating Hatchery Introgression in the Face of Rapid Divergence: A Case Study in Brook Trout ().

Fish stocking has been utilized for over a century to offset extirpations or declines in abundance of many native species. These historical declines and hatchery contributions have led to uncertainty surrounding whether many contemporary populations are native, introgressed with hatchery sources, or entirely of hatchery origin. Such uncertainty is problematic for the conservation of native biodiversity as it hampers management agencies' ability to prioritize the conservation of indigenous locally adapted populations.

Impact of Biopsy Proven Liver Fibrosis on Patients Undergoing Evaluation and Treatment for Advanced Heart Failure Surgical Therapies.

There is a paucity of data regarding the impact of liver fibrosis on patients with stage D heart failure (HF). We conducted a retrospective study (January 1, 2017 to December 12, 2020) in patients with stage D HF who underwent liver biopsy as part of their advanced HF therapy evaluation. Baseline characteristics and 1-year outcomes were compared between no- or mild-to-moderate-fibrosis (grade 0 to 2) and advanced-fibrosis (grade 3 to 4) groups.

Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter, case-control study.

Aim: To identify risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), describe tumor characteristics and treatments pursed for a cohort of individuals with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of a well-characterized cohort of patients among five liver transplant centers with NASH cirrhosis with (cases) and without HCC (controls).

Results: Ninety-four cases and 150 controls were included.

Conditions for sample preparation and quantitative HPLC/MS-MS analysis of bulky adducts to serum albumin with diolepoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as models.

Stable adducts to serum albumin (SA) from electrophilic and genotoxic compounds/metabolites can be used as biomarkers for quantification of the corresponding in vivo dose. In the present study, conditions for specific analysis of stable adducts to SA formed from carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were evaluated in order to achieve a sensitive and reproducible quantitative method. Bulky adducts from diolepoxides (DE) of PAH, primarily DE of benzo[a]pyrene (BPDE) and also DE of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBPDE) and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBADE), were used as model compounds.

Hydrokinetic turbine effects on fish swimming behaviour.

Hydrokinetic turbines, targeting the kinetic energy of fast-flowing currents, are under development with some turbines already deployed at ocean sites around the world. It remains virtually unknown as to how these technologies affect fish, and rotor collisions have been postulated as a major concern. In this study the effects of a vertical axis hydrokinetic rotor with rotational speeds up to 70 rpm were tested on the swimming patterns of naturally occurring fish in a subtropical tidal channel.

ADME characterization in rats revealed immediate secretion of AZD7903 into the stomach after IV dosing.

The distribution of AZD7903 and/or its metabolites was studied in rats following a single p.o. or i.

Cob(I)alamin for trapping butadiene epoxides in metabolism with rat S9 and for determining associated kinetic parameters.

The reduced state of vitamin B(12), cob(I)alamin, acts as a supernucleophile that reacts ca. 10(5) times faster than standard nucleophiles, for example, thiols. Methods have been developed for trapping electrophilically reactive compounds by exploiting this property of cob(I)alamin.

Enantioselective formation of methyl sulfone metabolites of 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl in rat.

Several nonsymmetric polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners form atropisomers due to steric hindrance of free rotation around the phenyl-phenyl bond. It is evident from the literature that both chiral PCB congeners and their atropisomeric methylsulfonyl-PCB metabolites, formed in higher animals and in humans, are present in biota as nonracemic mixtures. Chiral methylsulfonyl-PCBs are strongly dominated by one of the atropisomers in mammalian tissues.

Influence of bioreactor scale and complex medium on probing control of glucose feeding in cultivations of recombinant strains of Escherichia coli.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a feedback glucose control strategy (the probing strategy) in production relevant bioreactors with complex and mineral media. Experimental results from fed-batch cultivations with two recombinant Escherichia coli constructs expressing two different human therapeutic proteins were used to assess the performance and limitations of the glucose probing technique. Even though the performance of the probing strategy was affected by scale and complex media, this methodology rapidly identified a glucose feed protocol similar to an experimentally derived feed regime.

Transfer versus transition: success in pediatric transplantation brings the welcome challenge of transition.

Context: Increasing success with solid organ transplantation in children has increased the numbers of adolescents and young adults who are at an age to transfer to adult healthcare.

Objective: To determine the nature of transfer/transition of adolescents and young adults to adult healthcare.

Design: Using a qualitative approach, 24 young adults provided answers to 12 questions about their transfer to adult healthcare.

Cobalamin as an analytical tool for analysis of oxirane metabolites of 1,3-butadiene: development and validation of the method.

The reduced form of vitamin B12 [cob(I)alamin] is known to be a supernucleophile, with the ability to react 10(5) times faster than standard nucleophiles. Procedures have been developed where cob(I)alamin is used as an analytical tool for the trapping of electrophilically reactive compounds. In the present work, a sensitive and accurate method for determination of reactive metabolites produced in vitro has been developed and validated.

Reaction-kinetic parameters of glycidamide as determinants of mutagenic potency.

Values for reaction-kinetic parameters of electrophiles can be used to predict mutagenic potency. One approach employs the Swain-Scott relationship for comparative kinetic studies of electrophilic agents reacting with nucleophiles. In this way glycidamide (GA), the putatively mutagenic/carcinogenic metabolite of acrylamide, was assessed by determining the rates of reaction with different nucleophiles.

Combinatorial theory of Macdonald polynomials I: proof of Haglund's formula.

Haglund recently proposed a combinatorial interpretation of the modified Macdonald polynomials H(mu). We give a combinatorial proof of this conjecture, which establishes the existence and integrality of H(mu). As corollaries, we obtain the cocharge formula of Lascoux and Schutzenberger for Hall-Littlewood polynomials, a formula of Sahi and Knop for Jack's symmetric functions, a generalization of this result to the integral Macdonald polynomials J(mu), a formula for H(mu) in terms of Lascoux-Leclerc-Thibon polynomials, and combinatorial expressions for the Kostka-Macdonald coefficients K(lambda,mu) when mu is a two-column shape.

A combinatorial model for the Macdonald polynomials.

We introduce a polynomial C(mu)[Z; q, t], depending on a set of variables Z = z(1), z(2),...

Characterization of alkyl-cobalamins formed on trapping of epoxide metabolites of 1,3-butadiene.

Analytical methods facilitating studies of electrophilically reactive and genotoxic compounds in vitro and in vivo are needed. The strong nucleophile, cob(I)alamin, formed by reduction of Vitamin B12 [cob(III)alamin], may be used for trapping and analysis of 1,2-epoxides and other electrophiles. In the present study, cob(I)alamin is evaluated as an analytical tool for 1,2-epoxide metabolites (oxiranes) of 1,3-butadiene.

Analysis of DNA-phosphate adducts in vitro using miniaturized LC-ESI-MS/MS and column switching: phosphotriesters and alkyl cobalamins.

DNA-phosphate adducts are known to be formed by a variety of alkylating agents. Due to little or no repair of DNA-phosphate adducts, these adducts may offer increased possibilities of both identifying and quantifying DNA adducts. The formation of DNA-phosphate adducts leads to a complete esterification of the phosphate group giving rise to a phosphotriester configuration.

Evidence for phosphate adducts in DNA from mice treated with 4-(N-Methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK).

The weakly alkylating capacity of phosphotriesters (PTE) has been used for the determination of adducts to phosphate groups in DNA by specific transfer to the strongly nucleophilic compound cob(I)alamin [Cbl(I)]. When enzymatically degraded liver DNA from mice treated with 1-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-4-(3-[3H]pyridyl)-4-oxobutane ([3H]NNK) was added to Cbl(I), a 4-(3-[3H]pyridyl)-4-hydroxy-1-butyl-cobalamin ([3H]PHB-Cbl) complex was formed and determined by HPLC and liquid scintillation counting. The PHB-Cbl formed was compared with a synthetic standard verified by LC/MS and 1H NMR and corresponds to phosphate adducts formed from the pyridyloxobutylating species from NNK and from the pyridylhydroxybutylating species from NNAL, NNK being to a large extent converted to NNAL in vivo.

Determination of hydroxyalkyl derivatives of cobalamin (vitamin B12) using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and ultraviolet diode array detection.

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and ultraviolet diode array detection (UV-DAD), coupled on-line to reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was used for the characterization of hydroxyalkyl derivatives of cob(I)alamin. The reduced form of vitamin B12, cob(I)alamin, denoted a supernucleophile due to its high nucleophilic strength, has shown promise as an analytical tool in studies of electrophilically reactive compounds in vitro and in vivo. A method for analysis of DNA-phosphate adducts was developed earlier utilizing the supernucleophilicity of cob(I)alamin to transfer alkyl groups from the phosphotriester configuration in DNA, with the formation of a Co-substituted alkyl-cobalamin (alkyl-Cbl) complex.

A positivity result in the theory of Macdonald polynomials.

We outline here a proof that a certain rational function C(n)(q, t), which has come to be known as the "q, t-Catalan," is in fact a polynomial with positive integer coefficients. This has been an open problem since 1994. Because C(n)(q, t) evaluates to the Catalan number at t = q = 1, it has also been an open problem to find a pair of statistics a, b on the collection (n) of Dyck paths Pi of length 2n yielding C(n)(q, t) = summation operator(pi) t(a(Pi))q(b(Pi)).

Transalkylation of phosphotriesters using Cob(I)alamin: toward specific determination of DNA-phosphate adducts.

The supernucleophilic cobalt compound, cob(I)alamin, has been kinetically characterized with respect to its ability to bring about transalkylation of adducts to DNA phosphates (phosphotriesters). The reactivity of cob(I)alamin toward different phosphotriesters (model compounds and methylated DNA), as well as its specificity toward DNA-phosphate adducts, has been investigated. Through nucleophilic displacement on the alkyl by cob(I)alamin, the alkyl groups (methyl and ethyl) were transferred from phosphotriesters within minutes at room temperature.

Studies of transalkylation of phosphotriesters in DNA: reaction conditions and requirements on nucleophiles for determination of DNA adducts.

Reactive compounds form adducts at several sites in DNA. One of these sites, the phosphate groups, forms phosphotriesters (PTE) which are both chemically stable and little repaired. A measurement of PTE in DNA could therefore be advantageous for the determination of doses in vivo of mutagens/cancer initiators.