Adherence to food-based dietary guidelines among adolescents in Germany according to socio-economic status and region: results from Eating Study as a KiGGS Module (EsKiMo) II.

Objective: Dietary habits developed during childhood and adolescence are likely to continue into adulthood. An unbalanced diet may cause nutrient deficiencies and excessive energy intake; these enhance the risk for developing overweight and obesity and their co-morbidities. In the present analysis, food consumption of adolescents is described and evaluated against German food-based dietary guidelines with special focus on socio-economic status (SES) and region of residence.

Time trends of non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adults in Germany, 1990-2011.

Background: In Germany, information on trends in non-alcoholic beverage intake over the last decades is sparse. The aim of this analysis is to examine trends in non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adults living in Germany between 1990 and 2011 with special focus on gender, age and education level.

Methods: We used self-reported food frequency questionnaire information from 25 to 69 year old participants of three German National Health Interview and Examination Surveys conducted in 1990-1992 (n = 7466), 1997-1999 (n = 5825) and 2008-2011 (n = 5375) and focused on consumption frequency of fruit juice, soft drinks, water, tea and coffee.

Energy drink consumption among 12- to 17-year-olds in Germany - Results of EsKiMo II.

Energy drinks are soft drinks that usually contain a large content of caffeine and sugar. Excessive caffeine intake can lead to side effects such as nausea and anxiety. Up to three milligrams of caffeine per kilogram of body weight per day is considered safe for children and young people.

Consumption of organic food by children in Germany - Results of EsKiMo II.

Data from the second Eating study as a KiGGS module (EsKiMo II, 2015-2017), are used to determine the contribution of food produced by organic farming (organic food) to the diet of children aged between six and eleven years (n=1,190) in Germany. Dietary intake was assessed by food records during a total of four days. Information on the proportion of organic food intake relative to daily food intake was used to differentiate between three groups: children who did not consume organic food; children whose diet contains 8.

Fast food consumption among 12- to 17-year-olds in Germany - Results of EsKiMo II.

Consuming high amounts of fast food can lead to an excessive intake of energy and subsequently promote obesity. Obesity increases a person's risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The second wave of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2, 2014-2017) included the Eating study as a KiGGS Module (EsKiMo II, 2015-2017) which assessed the self-reported dietary habits of children and adolescents in Germany.

Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany-Results from EsKiMo II.

Dietary supplements may contribute to nutrient intake; however, actual data on dietary supplement use among adolescents living in Germany are rare. The aim of this analysis was to describe the current use of dietary supplements, its determinants, and reasons of use. Changes in supplement use over time were evaluated by comparing the results with those from EsKiMo I (2006).

Associations between Physical Activity and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents: Results of KiGGS Wave 2.

A balanced diet and sufficient physical activity are essential for the healthy growth of children and adolescents and for obesity prevention. Data from the second wave of the population-based German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2; 2014-2017) were used to analyse the association between food intake and physical activity among 6- to 17-year-old children and adolescents ( = 9842). Physical exercise (PE) and recommended daily physical activity (RDPA) were assessed with self-administered questionnaires and food intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.

Consumption of sugary soft drinks among children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the cross-sectional KiGGS Wave 2 study and trends.

Consuming large amounts of sugary beverages has been related to developing obesity, diabetes mellitus type II and other chronic diseases. KiGGS Wave 2 (2014-2017) provides data on the consumption of sugary soft drinks in the 3-17 year age group in Germany. Overall, 13.

EsKiMo II - the Eating study as a KiGGS Module in KiGGS Wave 2.

Nutrition plays an important role for health, in particular of children and adolescents. In addition to the baseline German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS, 2003-2006), the nutrition survey EsKiMo (Eating study as a KiGGS Module) assessed the dietary habits of children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 in detail. In KiGGS Wave 2 (2014-2017) the corresponding module is EsKiMo II.

Comprehensive assessment of food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents in Germany: EsKiMo II - the eating study as a KiGGS module.

Background: As part of the second wave of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2), food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years living in Germany is assessed in EsKiMo II - the Eating Study as a KiGGS Module.

Methods: EsKiMo II is a cross-sectional study, conducted from June 2015 until September 2017. The study population comprises 6 to 17-year-old study participants from the cross-sectional sample of KiGGS Wave 2 in 167 KiGGS sample points, which are revisited by trained nutritionists.

Predicting risk of substantial weight gain in German adults-a multi-center cohort approach.

Background: A risk-targeted prevention strategy may efficiently utilize limited resources available for prevention of overweight and obesity. Likewise, more efficient intervention trials could be designed if selection of subjects was based on risk. The aim of the study was to develop a risk score predicting substantial weight gain among German adults.

Changes in Waist Circumference among German Adults over Time - Compiling Results of Seven Prospective Cohort Studies.

Aim: This study aims to quantify longitudinal changes in waist circumference (WC) among adults aged 45-64 years in Germany.

Methods: Data of 15,444 men and 17,207 women from one nationwide and six regional prospective German cohort studies were analyzed. The sex-specific mean change in WC per year of follow-up was assessed for each study separately.

Specific Metabolic Markers Are Associated with Future Waist-Gaining Phenotype in Women.

Objective: Our study aims to identify metabolic markers associated with either a gain in abdominal (measured by waist circumference) or peripheral (measured by hip circumference) body fat mass.

Methods: Data of 4 126 weight-gaining adults (18-75 years) from three population-based, prospective German cohort studies (EPIC, KORA, DEGS) were analysed regarding a waist-gaining (WG) or hip-gaining phenotype (HG). The phenotypes were obtained by calculating the differences of annual changes in waist minus hip circumference.

Socioeconomic status and anthropometric changes-A meta-analytic approach from seven German cohorts.

Objective: To study the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and annual relative change in anthropometric markers in the general German adult population.

Methods: Longitudinal data of 56,556 participants aged 18-83 years from seven population-based German cohort studies (CARLA, SHIP, KORA, DEGS, EPIC-Heidelberg, EPIC-Potsdam, PopGen) were analyzed by meta-analysis using a random-effects model. The indicators of SES were education and household income.

Changes in body weight and obesity status in German adults: results of seven population-based prospective studies.

Background/objectives: The objective of this study was to quantify body weight changes in German adult populations during the past decades.

Subjects/methods: Longitudinal analysis of seven cohort studies covering different age ranges between 18 and 83 years. Baseline examinations were between 1994 and 2007 and follow-up durations between 4.

Temporal changes in the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes: findings from the German Health Interview and Examination Surveys in 1997-1999 and 2008-2011.

Aims: Nationally representative data on temporal changes in the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, as well as undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes, have been lacking in Germany as in most other European countries. We aimed to fill this gap using data from nationwide examination surveys of German adults.

Methods: The study population comprised 18-79-year-old participants from the German Health Interview and Examination Surveys in 1997-1999 (GNHIES98, n = 6655) and 2008-2011 (DEGS1, n = 7017).

[Social inequities regarding annoyance to noise and road traffic intensity: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)].

To study the associations of annoyance to noise and exposure to residential traffic with sociodemographic, socioeconomic and regional characteristics as well as housing conditions, a population-based sample of 7,988 adults 18-79 years of age was studied in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Annoyance to noise and exposure to residential traffic were assessed by self-administered questionnaires. A total of 6.

[Overweight and obesity in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)].

The increase in overweight and obesity is a worldwide health problem. The first wave of the "German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults" (DEGS1), conducted from 2008 through 2011, provides current data about overweight and obesity among adults in Germany. Within DEGS1, a representative sample of the 18- to 79-year-old population was interviewed with regard to health relevant issues and physically examined (n = 7,116).

[Fruit and vegetable intake in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)].

Until now, the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society on fruit and vegetable intake have not been reached by the majority of the population. In the first wave of the"German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults" (DEGS1), which was conducted from 2008 to 2011, food consumption was determined with a validated food frequency questionnaire in a representative random sample of the 18-79-year-old residential population in Germany (n=7116). The number of portions of fruit and vegetables consumed on average every day and the number of persons meeting the recommended five portions of fruit and vegetables per day were calculated.

[Prevalence of sensitisation to aeraoallergens and food allergens: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)].

In view of the increasing prevalence of allergies, up-to-date data on the prevalence of allergic sensitisation are of major interest. In the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) (2008-2011) blood samples from a population-based sample of 7,025 participants aged 18 to 79 years were analysed for specific IgE antibodies against 50 common single allergens and screened for common aeroallergens (SX1) and grass pollen (GX1). In all, 48.

[Determinants of asthma among children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the German Health and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)].

In this study, associations between current asthma and possible determinants were studied using data of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents ("Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland," KiGGS). In this nationwide cross-sectional survey, 17,461 subjects aged 0-17 years were examined between 2003 and 2006. Data collection included a medical examination of the child, an interview of the parents, and written questionnaires.

Relative validation of a food frequency questionnaire for national health and nutrition monitoring.

Background: Validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is important as incorrect information may lead to biased associations. Therefore the relative validity of an FFQ developed for use in the German Health Examination Survey for Adults 2008-2011 (DEGS) was examined.

Methods: Cross-sectional comparisons of food consumption data from the FFQ and from two 24-hour recalls were made in a sample of 161 participants (aged 18 to 80 years) of an ongoing nationwide survey, the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT).

Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the variation of soy product intake in 10 European countries by using a standardised reference dietary method. A subsidiary aim was to characterise the pattern of soy consumption among a sub-group of participants with a habitual health-conscious lifestyle (HHL), i.e.

Physical activity of subjects aged 50-64 years involved in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Objective: To describe physical activity of participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Design: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a European prospective cohort study.

Subjects: This analysis was restricted to participants in the age group 50-64 years, which was represented in all EPIC centres.

Overweight, obesity and fat distribution in 50- to 64-year-old participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Objective: To describe anthropometric characteristics of participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Design: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a European prospective cohort study.

Subjects: This analysis includes study populations from 25 centres in nine European countries.