Ultrasonic power improvement of flumequine degradation effectiveness in aqueous solution via direct and indirect action of mechanical acoustic wave.

The current research work aimed to describe the roles of ultrasonic power under sono-Fenton process in the degradation of flumequine (FLU) in water. For this purpose, the effects of some parameters including temperature, ferrous ion concentration, chemical oxidant concentration (SO and Cl) and the initial pH value of the reaction kinetics were investigated. Results showed that the degradation of FLU antibiotic was accelerated by ultrasonic irradiation and the presence of an inorganic oxidant.

Sono-Fenton process for metronidazole degradation in aqueous solution: Effect of acoustic cavitation and peroxydisulfate anion.

The present work investigates the application of an improved treatment approach based on the ultrasound irradiation as clean technology driven Fenton in the presence of peroxydisulfate anion (S2O8(2-)) for the removal of metronidazole (MTZ) from aqueous solution. The sono-generation of sulfate radicals (SO4(-)) as a stronger oxidizing agent from S2O8(2-) (redox potential of 2.6V) has improved the degradation of MTZ.

Boron doped diamond sensor for sensitive determination of metronidazole: Mechanistic and analytical study by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry.

The performance of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for the detection of metronidazole (MTZ) as the most important drug of the group of 5-nitroimidazole was proven using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. A comparison study between BDD, glassy carbon and silver electrodes on the electrochemical response was carried out. The process is pH-dependent.

Green condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds catalyzed by anion-exchange resin under ultrasound irradiation.

To realize a practical and green chemistry, two important challenges need to be addressed, namely the effective process for the activation of reaction and efficient, eco-friendly and robust chemical methods for the reaction conversion to target products via highly selective catalytic and reactions. Ultrasonic energy promotes the conversion process through its special cavitational effects. Combined with anion-exchange resin as a heterogeneous, reusable and efficient catalyst, Ultrasonic energy enhances the Knoevenagel condensation and leads to reduced reaction time at lower reaction temperature with less amounts of solvent and catalyst.