Determination of Anthelmintic and Antiprotozoal Drug Residues in Fish Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive and simple method for the simultaneous determination of anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drug residues in fish. For sample preparation, we used the "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) method with a simple modification. The sample was extracted with water and 1% formic acid in acetonitrile/methanol (MeCN/MeOH) (95:5, /), followed by phase separation (salting out) with MgSO and NaCl (4:1, /).

The effects of extracting procedures on occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most hazardous naturally occurring chemical contaminants of food. Edible oils are easily contaminated by PAHs generated during high-temperature processing steps such as oil extraction and refining. In this study, the effects of different extraction methods on the levels of PAHs in sesame oils and red pepper seed oils were assessed.

Determination and risk characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of tea by using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach.

Tea is one of the most frequently consumed drinks due to its favourite taste and the health benefit. Tea is produced by several processes and drying is very important step to develop the flavour and destroys the enzymes in tea. However, during drying tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons some of which are carcinogen and genotoxin are naturally produced.

Various extraction methods for detection of bistrifluron residues in Asian pear using high-performance liquid chromatography: application to dissipation patterns under open-field conditions.

The present study was carried out to develop an analytical method for the detection and quantification of bistrifluron, a benzoylphenylurea compound, in pear using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Samples were extracted using conventional, AOAC and EN quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe 'QuEChERS' methods. As expected, conventional and EN-QuEChERS methods gave higher recoveries than AOAC.

Exposure assessment and risk characterisation of ethyl carbamate from Korean traditional fermented rice wine, Takju and Yakju.

Ethyl carbamate is one of the most hazardous chemicals naturally occurring in food, and is present in alcoholic beverages. Korean traditional rice wine, Takju and Yakju, is frequently consumed in Korea, but there have been no studies characterising the risks of ethyl carbamate in these products. In order to assess and characterise the exposure risk of ethyl carbamate in Korean traditional rice wines, ethyl carbamate was investigated by means of GC-MS.

Effects of grilling procedures on levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meats.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals formed when muscle meat is cooked using high-temperature methods, such as grilling directly over an open flame. PAHs have been found to be mutagenic-that is, they cause changes in DNA that may increase the risk of cancer. We investigated the effects of grilling procedures on the level of 4 PAHs; benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P).

Estimates of Radiation Doses and Cancer Risk from Food Intake in Korea.

The aim of this study was to estimate internal radiation doses and lifetime cancer risk from food ingestion. Radiation doses from food intake were calculated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the measured radioactivity of (134)Cs, (137)Cs, and (131)I from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea. Total number of measured data was 8,496 (3,643 for agricultural products, 644 for livestock products, 43 for milk products, 3,193 for marine products, and 973 for processed food).

Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Alcoholic Beverages and Fermented Foods Sold in Korea.

Ethyl carbamate (EC) classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) is naturally formed in alcoholic beverages and fermented foods during fermentation process and/or during storage. The objective of this study was to analyze EC in 34 food items including 14 alcoholic beverages and 20 fermented foods sold in Korea. Each food was collected from 18 supermarkets in 9 metropolitan cities in Korea, and then made into composite.

Total Diet Study: For a Closer-to-real Estimate of Dietary Exposure to Chemical Substances.

Recent amendment on the Food Sanitation Act in Korea mandated the Minister of Food & Drug Safety to secure the scientific basis for management and reevaluation of standards and specifications of foods. Especially because the current food safety control is limited within the scope of 'Farm to Market' covering from production to retail in Korea, safety control at the plane of true 'Farm to Fork' scope is urgently needed and should include 'total diet' of population instead of individual food items. Therefore, 'Total Diet Study (TDS)' which provides 'closer-to-real' estimates of exposure to hazardous materials through analysis on table-ready (cooked) samples of foods would be the solution to more comprehensive food safety management, as suggested by World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Total Diet Studies as a Tool for Ensuring Food Safety.

With the diversification and internationalization of the food industry and the increased focus on health from a majority of consumers, food safety policies are being implemented based on scientific evidence. Risk analysis represents the most useful scientific approach for making food safety decisions. Total diet study (TDS) is often used as a risk assessment tool to evaluate exposure to hazardous elements.

Total mercury concentrations in the general Korean population, 2008-2011.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blood mercury levels of the general Korean population. The data from subjects of all ages were pooled from recent national surveys. In the combined surveys, the geometric means (GMs) of the blood mercury concentrations in subjects aged 0-7, 8-18, and 19years and above were 2.

Reference levels of blood mercury and association with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Purpose: Mercury (Hg) is a nonessential and toxic metal that is widely distributed in the environment. This study was performed to estimate the representative blood Hg level, to determine the contributing factors to Hg exposure, and to analyze the association of blood Hg with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

Methods: Mercury exposure is assessed by total Hg concentration in blood.

Biomonitoring of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites of mother and child pairs in South Korea.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the common phthalate plasticizers used primarily in soft polyvinyl chloride, which is a plastic polymer that makes up the total weight of goods from 1% up to 40% in many consumer products. The aims of this study were to examine the urinary DEHP metabolites in South Korean children and to investigate the correlation between mother and child DEHP urine excretion. Three kinds of urinary DEHP metabolites: mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5-OH-MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5-oxo-MEHP), were analyzed.

Lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the 2010 Korean diet.

This study analysed the level of contamination of harmful heavy metals in 3820 food samples available in Korea in 2010. A total of 119 types of samples were collected, including corns, vegetables, fruits, fishes, mollusks, shellfish, crustaceans, seaweed, bean products, meats and eggs from seven major cities. These samples were analysed using ICP-MS after pre-treatment with a microwave-digestion system.

Heavy metal risk management: case analysis.

To prepare measures for practical policy utilization and the control of heavy metals, hazard control related institutions by country, present states of control by country, and present states of control by heavy metals were examined. Hazard control cases by heavy metals in various countries were compared and analyzed. In certain countries (e.

Risk assessment principle for engineered nanotechnology in food and drug.

While the ability to develop nanomaterials and incorporate them into products is advancing rapidly worldwide, understanding of the potential health safety effects of nanomaterials has proceeded at a much slower pace. Since 2008, Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) started an investigation to prepare "Strategic Action Plan" to evaluate safety and nano risk management associated with foods, drugs, medical devices and cosmetics using nano-scale materials. Although there are some studies related to potential risk of nanomaterials, physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is not clear yet and these do not offer enough information due to their limitations.

Evaluation of in vitro screening system for estrogenicity: comparison of stably transfected human estrogen receptor-α transcriptional activation (OECD TG455) assay and estrogen receptor (ER) binding assay.

The estrogenic activity of industrial chemicals, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), bisphenol A (BPA), and nonylphenol (NP), was compared using OECD test guideline 455(TG455), stably transfected transcriptional activation (STTA) and estrogen receptor (ER) binding assays. The estrogenic activity of BBP, BPA and NP were approximately 180,000-fold (PC(50), 4.32 x 10(-6 )M), 5,000-fold (PC(50), 1.

Estrogenic Activity of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Parabens Based on the Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Activation Assay (OECD TG 455).

Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold (PC50, 1.67 × 10(-6) M) less than 17β-estradiol(E2) (PC50, 2.

An analytical method for prohexadione in Chinese cabbage and apple.

A residual determination method as a regulatory residue method was developed using HPLC-UVD for prohexadione residues in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) and apple (Malus domestica). The developed method consisted of solid-liquid extraction with acidic acetonitrile and ion-suppression liquid-liquid partitioning, followed by anion exchange cartridge cleanup. The limits of detection and quantitation for the method were 0.

Assessment of estimated daily intakes of benzoates for average and high consumers in Korea.

A study was performed to evaluate the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of benzoates for the average and high (90th percentile) consumers by age and sex categories in Korea. The estimation of daily intakes of benzoates was based on individual dietary intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 and on the determination of benzoates in eight food categories. The EDI of benzoates for average consumers of different age groups ranged from 0.