Ultradeep Sequencing for Detection of Quasispecies Variants in the Major Hydrophilic Region of Hepatitis B Virus in Indonesian Patients.

Quasispecies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with variations in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) can evolve during infection, allowing HBV to evade neutralizing antibodies. These escape variants may contribute to chronic infections. In this study, we looked for MHR variants in HBV quasispecies using ultradeep sequencing and evaluated the relationship between these variants and clinical manifestations in infected patients.

Diagnosis and treatment of hematochezia: guideline for clinical practice.

Hematochezia as an acute and chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding could be caused by diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, neoplasm, perianal disorders, Meckel's diverticulum, colitis (infectious and non-infectious) intussusception, and many others. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding mostly occurs in older age. Mortality caused by acute and chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding is very high.

Colitis amebiasis with symptom of occasional dripped anal bleeding.

Colitis amebiasis is usually characterized by bloody and mucous diarrhea, abdominal pain and anal discomfort. However, there is unusual manifestation of colitis amebiasis, such as occasional dripped anal bleeding, which sometimes spouted. Therefore, we often do not suspect such symptoms for colitis amebiasis.