Free Carrier Auger-Meitner Recombination in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.

Microscopic many-body models based on inputs from first-principles density functional theory are used to calculate the carrier losses due to free carrier Auger-Meitner recombination (AMR) processes in Mo- and W-based monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides as a function of the carrier density, temperature, and dielectric environment. Despite the exceptional strength of Coulomb interaction in the two-dimensional materials, the AMR losses are found to be similar in magnitude to those in conventional III-V-based quantum wells for the same wavelengths. Unlike the case in III-V materials, the losses show nontrivial density dependencies due to the fact that bandgap renormalizations on the order of hundreds of millielectronvolts can bring higher bands into or out of resonance with the optimal energy level for the AMR transition, approximately one bandgap from the lowest band.

Photo Luminescence and Radiative Carrier Losses in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.

The carrier losses due to radiative recombination in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides are studied using fully microscopic many-body models. The density- and temperature-dependent losses in various Mo- and W-based materials are shown to be dominated by Coulomb correlations beyond the Hartree-Fock level. Despite the much stronger Coulomb interaction in 2D materials, the radiative losses are comparable-if not weaker-than in conventional III-V materials.

Integrating climate model projections into environmental risk assessment: A probabilistic modeling approach.

The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) convened a Pellston workshop in 2022 to examine how information on climate change could be better incorporated into the ecological risk assessment (ERA) process for chemicals as well as other environmental stressors. A major impetus for this workshop is that climate change can affect components of ecological risks in multiple direct and indirect ways, including the use patterns and environmental exposure pathways of chemical stressors such as pesticides, the toxicity of chemicals in receiving environments, and the vulnerability of species of concern related to habitat quality and use. This article explores a modeling approach for integrating climate model projections into the assessment of near- and long-term ecological risks, developed in collaboration with climate scientists.

Incorporation of climate change into a multiple stressor risk assessment for the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population in the Yakima River, Washington, USA.

One outcome of the 2022 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pellston Workshop on incorporating climate change predictions into ecological risk assessments was the key question of how to integrate ecological risk assessments that focus on contaminants with the environmental alterations from climate projections. This article summarizes the results of integrating selected direct and indirect effects of climate change into an existing Bayesian network previously used for ecological risk assessment. The existing Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model integrated the effects of two organophosphate pesticides (malathion and diazinon), water temperature, and dissolved oxygen levels on the Chinook salmon population in the Yakima River Basin (YRB), Washington, USA.

Incorporating climate projections in the environmental risk assessment of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems.

Global climate change will significantly impact the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems, both directly and indirectly via the exacerbation of impacts from other stressors. Pesticides form a prime example of chemical stressors that are expected to synergize with climate change. Aquatic exposures to pesticides might change in magnitude due to increased runoff from agricultural fields, and in composition, as application patterns will change due to changes in pest pressures and crop types.

Scenario-based modelling of changes in chemical intake fraction in Sweden and the Baltic Sea under global change.

The climate in Europe is warming twice as fast as it is across the rest of the globe, and in Sweden annual mean temperatures are forecast to increase by up to 3-6 °C by 2100, with increasing frequency and magnitude of floods, heatwaves, and other extreme weather. These climate change-related environmental factors and the response of humans at the individual and collective level will affect the mobilization and transport of and human exposure to chemical pollutants in the environment. We conducted a literature review of possible future impacts of global change in response to a changing climate on chemical pollutants in the environment and human exposure, with a focus on drivers of change in exposure of the Swedish population to chemicals in the indoor and outdoor environment.

Coulomb enhancement of high harmonic generation in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.

High harmonic generation (HHG) in monolayer MoS is studied using fully microscopic many-body models based on the semiconductor Bloch equations and density functional theory. It is shown that Coulomb correlations lead to a dramatic enhancement of HHG. In particular, near the bandgap, enhancements of two orders of magnitude or more are observed for a wide range of excitation wavelengths and intensities.

Enabling forecasts of environmental exposure to chemicals in European agriculture under global change.

European agricultural development in the 21st century will be affected by a host of global changes, including climate change, changes in agricultural technologies and practices, and a shift towards a circular economy. The type and quantity of chemicals used, emitted, and cycled through agricultural systems in Europe will change, driven by shifts in the use patterns of pesticides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation, and biosolids. Climate change will also impact the chemical persistence, fate, and transport processes that dictate environmental exposure.

ECORISK2050: An Innovative Training Network for predicting the effects of global change on the emission, fate, effects, and risks of chemicals in aquatic ecosystems.

By 2050, the global population is predicted to reach nine billion, with almost three quarters living in cities. The road to 2050 will be marked by changes in land use, climate, and the management of water and food across the world. These global changes (GCs) will likely affect the emissions, transport, and fate of chemicals, and thus the exposure of the natural environment to chemicals.

On the importance of electron-electron and electron-phonon scatterings and energy renormalizations during carrier relaxation in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides.

Anbased fully microscopic many-body approach is used to study the carrier relaxation dynamics in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides. Bandstructures and wavefunctions as well as phonon energies and coupling matrix elements are calculated using density functional theory. The resulting dipole and Coulomb matrix elements are implemented in the Dirac-Bloch equations to calculate carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon scatterings throughout the whole Brillouin zone (BZ).

Two randomized controlled trials for colorectal cancer screening invitations developed using a behavioral science approach.

The effectiveness of behaviorally informed, targeted invitations to standard invitations and to no invitation (control arm, primary analysis) were compared in the context of an organized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program. Two multi-arm, pragmatic randomized controlled trials in men (arms: male-specific, unisex, standard invitation, or no invitation) and in women (arms: unisex, standard invitation, or no invitation), were conducted in Ontario, Canada. Eligible persons aged 50-74, due for CRC screening, were randomized.

Towards further harmonization of a glossary for exposure science-an ISES Europe statement.

The use of aligned exposure science terminology is crucial for ease of comparison and appropriate interpretation of exposure information, regulatory reports, and scientific publications. Sometimes the use of different terminology in different contexts and areas of exposure science results in diverging interpretations of the same descriptor. During the development of the European strategy for exposure science, the need was identified to agree on a defined terminology requiring an evaluation of the commonly used terms, synonymous uses, and their relationships between each other.

Propagation Induced Dephasing in Semiconductor High-Harmonic Generation.

The influence of propagation on the nonperturbative high-harmonic features in long-wavelength strong pulse excited semiconductors is studied using a fully microscopic approach. For sample lengths exceeding the wavelength of the exciting light, it is shown that the propagation effectively acts as a very strong additional dephasing that reduces the relative height of the emission plateau up to six orders of magnitude. This propagation induced dephasing clarifies the need to use extremely short polarization decay times for the quantitative analysis of experimental observations.

Evaluating potential human health risks from modeled inhalation exposures to volatile organic compounds emitted from oil and gas operations.

Some states and localities restrict siting of new oil and gas (O&G) wells relative to public areas. Colorado includes a 500-foot exception zone for building units, but it is unclear if that sufficiently protects public health from air emissions from O&G operations. To support reviews of setback requirements, this research examines potential health risks from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released during O&G operations.

Associations between access to healthcare, environmental quality, and end-stage renal disease survival time: Proportional-hazards models of over 1,000,000 people over 14 years.

Prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the US increased by 74% from 2000 to 2013. To investigate the role of the broader environment on ESRD survival time, we evaluated average distance to the nearest hospital by county (as a surrogate for access to healthcare) and the Environmental Quality Index (EQI), an aggregate measure of ambient environmental quality composed of five domains (air, water, land, built, and sociodemographic), at the county level across the US. Associations between average hospital distance, EQI, and survival time for 1,092,281 people diagnosed with ESRD between 2000 and 2013 (age 18+, without changes in county residence) from the US Renal Data System were evaluated using proportional-hazards models adjusting for gender, race, age at first ESRD service date, BMI, alcohol and tobacco use, and rurality.

Non-equilibrium dynamics in the dual-wavelength operation of vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers.

Microscopic many-body theory coupled with Maxwell's equation is used to study dual-wavelength operation in vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The intrinsically dynamic nature of coexisting emission wavelengths in semiconductor lasers is associated with characteristic non-equilibrium carrier dynamics, which causes significant deformations of the quasi-equilibrium gain and carrier inversion. Extended numerical simulations are employed to efficiently investigate the parameter space to identify the regime for dual-wavelength operation.

Abrupt cloud clearing of marine stratocumulus in the subtropical southeast Atlantic.

We document rapid and abrupt clearings of large portions of the subtropical marine low cloud deck that have implications for the global radiation balance and climate sensitivity. Over the southeast Atlantic, large areas of stratocumulus are quickly eroded, yielding partial or complete clearing along sharp transitions hundreds to thousands of kilometers in length that move westward at 8 to 12 meters per second and travel as far as 1000+ kilometers from the African coast. The westward-moving cloudiness reductions have an annual peak in occurrence in the period from April through June.

Author Correction: High-temperature operation of electrical injection type-II (GaIn)As/Ga(AsSb)/(GaIn)As "W"-quantum well lasers emitting at 1.3 µm.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

High-temperature operation of electrical injection type-II (GaIn)As/Ga(AsSb)/(GaIn)As "W"-quantum well lasers emitting at 1.3 µm.

Electrical injection lasers emitting in the 1.3 μm wavelength regime based on (GaIn)As/Ga(AsSb)/(GaIn)As type-II double "W"-quantum well heterostructures grown on GaAs substrate are demonstrated. The structure is designed by applying a fully microscopic theory and fabricated using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy.

Evaluation of the effect of an audit and feedback reporting tool on screening participation: The Primary Care Screening Activity Report (PCSAR).

Participation in cancer screening is critical to its effectiveness in reducing the burden of cancer. The Primary Care Screening Activity Report (PCSAR), an electronic report, was developed as an innovative audit and feedback tool to increase screening participation in Ontario's cancer screening programs. This study aims to assess its impact on patient screening participation.

Impact of invitation and reminder letters on cervical cancer screening participation rates in an organized screening program.

Study's Objective was to explore the impact of invitation and reminder letters on cervical cancer screening participation among eligible Ontario women 30 to 69years of age. A cross-sectional study was used to describe factors and screening patterns for 1,150,783 eligible women. A cohort design was used to compare the impact of invitation and reminder letters on Pap uptake comparing women who received the intervention (n=99,278) with a historical non-intervention group (n=130,181).

Novel type-II material system for laser applications in the near-infrared regime.

The design and experimental realization of a type-II "W"-multiple quantum well heterostructure for emission in the λ > 1.2 m range is presented. The experimental photoluminescence spectra for different excitation intensities are analyzed using microscopic quantum theory.

Influence of many-body interactions during the ionization of gases by short intense optical pulses.

The excitation of atomic gases by short high-intensity optical pulses leads to significant electron ionization. In dilute systems, the generated distribution of ionized electrons is highly anisotropic, reflecting the quantum mechanical properties of the atomic states involved in the many photon transitions. For higher atomic densities, the Coulomb interaction in the electron-ion system leads to the development of an isotropic electron plasma.

Optical noise of stabilized high-power single frequency optically pumped semiconductor laser.

We present a study of an actively stabilized optically pumped semiconductor laser operating single frequency at a wavelength of 1015 nm. In free running operation, the laser exhibits a single frequency output power of 15 W with a linewidth of 995 kHz for a sampling time of 1 s. The intensity and the frequency of the laser were independently stabilized to reach a laser linewidth of only 4 kHz for the same sampling time.