Assessing the efficacy and zootechnical performance in laying hens after administration of a 1% aqueous solution of fluralaner (Exzolt) for treating natural infestation by Menacanthus cornutus.

A brood of laying hens infested with the lice Menacanthus cornutus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) evidenced itching, irritation, and damage to their zootechnical performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the zootechnical performance and infestation control using a 1% solution of fluralaner in a brood of white laying hens infested naturally with lice. The experiment was carried out using 10,560 naturally infested chickens divided into 2 groups: a treatment group of animals that received a 1% solution of fluralaner in drinking water, at a dose of 0.

Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis Viruses and Hepatitis B Genotypes of Female Marriage Immigrants in Korea.

Purpose: The Korean society has moved rapidly toward becoming a multicultural society. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses and investigate hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypic diversity in female marriage immigrants.

Materials And Methods: Screening program was conducted at support centers for multicultural families in 21 administrative districts in Korea between July 2011 and January 2017.

Increased Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity in Persons Infected With Hepatitis C Virus.

Background & Aims: The host genetic environment contributes significantly to the outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and therapy response, but little is known about any effects of HCV infection on the host beyond any changes related to adaptive immune responses. HCV persistence is associated strongly with mitochondrial dysfunction, with liver mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic diversity linked to disease progression.

Methods: We evaluated the genetic diversity of 2 mtDNA genomic regions (hypervariable segments 1 and 2) obtained from sera of 116 persons using next-generation sequencing.

Accurate Genetic Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Transmissions in Outbreak Settings.

Hepatitis C is a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. Outbreaks of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are associated with unsafe injection practices, drug diversion, and other exposures to blood and are difficult to detect and investigate. Here, we developed and validated a simple approach for molecular detection of HCV transmissions in outbreak settings.

Evaluating Protection Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus by Clinical Signs, Ciliostasis, Challenge Virus Detection, and Histopathology.

In this study, we examined the association among clinical signs, ciliostasis, virus detection, and histopathology for evaluating protection of vaccinated chickens against homologous and heterologous infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) challenge. At 5 days following challenge with IBV, we found a good correlation among clinical signs, ciliostasis in the trachea, challenge virus detection, and microscopic lesions in the trachea, with all four criteria being negative in fully protected birds and positive in fully susceptible birds. In partially protected birds we observed clinical signs and detected challenge virus; however, the ciliated epithelium was intact.

Hatchery Spray Cabinet Administration Does Not Damage Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine Based on Analysis by Electron Microscopy and Virus Titration.

studies in our laboratory showed that the Arkansas-Delmarva Poultry Industry (Ark-DPI) vaccine given to 1-day-old chickens by hatchery spray cabinet replicated poorly and failed to adequately protect broilers against homologous virus challenge, whereas the same vaccine given by eye-drop did replicate and the birds were protected following homologous virus challenge. To determine if mechanical damage following spray application plays a role in failure of the Ark-DPI vaccine, we examined the morphology of three Ark-DPI vaccines from different manufacturers using an electron microscope and included a Massachusetts (Mass) vaccine as control. One of the Ark-DPI vaccines (vaccine A) and the Mass vaccine had significantly (P < 0.

Detection of infectious bronchitis virus with the use of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and correlation with virus detection in embryonated eggs.

Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays have been used to detect the presence of challenge virus when the efficacy of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine against field viruses is being experimentally evaluated. However, federal guidelines for licensing IBV vaccines indicate that challenge-virus detection following vaccination is to be conducted in embryonated eggs. In this study, we examined qRT-PCR data with the use of universal and type-specific primers and probe sets for IBV detection and compared those data with challenge-virus detection in embryonated eggs to determine if the two methods of evaluating vaccine efficacy are comparable.

Evaluation of infectious bronchitis virus Arkansas-type vaccine failure in commercial broilers.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and is highly contagious. Many different types of the virus exist, but only a few types are used as attenuated live vaccines in the commercial poultry industry. Of the vaccine types used, the Arkansas (Ark)-type virus is most frequently reisolated from vaccinated broilers.

Simultaneous detection of five major serotypes of Avian coronavirus by a multiplex microsphere-based assay.

Avian coronavirus (commonly known as Infectious bronchitis virus [IBV]) is of major economic importance to commercial chicken producers worldwide. Due to the existence of multiple serotypes and variants of the virus that do not cross-protect, it is important to diagnose circulating serotypes and choose the right vaccine type for successful protection. In an effort to improve conventional diagnostic tests, a microsphere-based assay was developed and evaluated for simultaneous detection of the most common IBV vaccine serotypes in the United States: Arkansas (Ark), Connecticut (Conn), Massachusetts (Mass), Delaware (DE072), and Georgia 98 (GA98).

Effects of DDA, CpG-ODN, and plasmid-encoded chicken IFN-gamma on protective immunity by a DNA vaccine against IBDV in chickens.

This study examined the adjuvant effects of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), and chicken interferon-gamma (ChIFN-gamma) on a DNA vaccine (pcDNA-VP243) against the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). A plasmid encoding chicken IFN-ã was constructed. Twice at 2-week intervals, two-week-old chickens were injected intramuscularly and intraperitoneally with either a DNA vaccine alone or a DNA vaccine together with the respective adjuvants.