Distinct microbial communities in an ascidian-crustacean symbiosis.

Ascidians are marine invertebrates known to occasionally host symbiotic crustaceans. Although the microbiomes of both ascidians and free-living crustaceans have been characterized, there is no documentation of microbial communities in an ascidian-crustacean symbiosis. Samples of the solitary ascidian Ascidia sydneiensis and ambient seawater were collected in Belize.

Feedback Kinetics in Mechanochemistry: The Importance of Cohesive States.

Although mechanochemical synthesis is becoming more widely applied and even commercialised, greater basic understanding is needed if the field is to progress on less of a trial-and-error basis. We report that a mechanochemical reaction in a ball mill exhibits unusual sigmoidal feedback kinetics that differ dramatically from the simple first-order kinetics for the same reaction in solution. An induction period is followed by a rapid increase in reaction rate before the rate decreases again as the reaction goes to completion.

Chemomechanical regulation of SNARE proteins studied with molecular dynamics simulations.

SNAP-25B is a neuronal protein required for neurotransmitter (NT) release and is the target of Botulinum Toxins A and E. It has two SNARE domains that form a four-helix bundle when combined with syntaxin 1A and synaptobrevin. Formation of the three-protein complex requires both SNARE domains of SNAP-25B to align parallel, stretching out a central linker.

[Body mass index. Reference values for 0-45-year-old Danes].

Introduction: Our aim was to establish body mass index (weight/height2 [kg/m2], BMI) reference values for 0- to 45-year-old Danes.

Material And Methods: A national sample that was used to generate the current Danish height and weight reference (29,106 measurements in 1965-1977; age 0-21 years; sample I). Four samples from Copenhagen (3391 measurements in 1981-1985; age 7-45 years; samples II and III and 2608 measurements in 1991-1994; age 6-45 years; samples IV and V).

Psychosocial aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a pre-HAART sample.

The psychosocial consequences of HLV-infection were studied using a semi-structured interview and the psychiatric questionnaire SCL-90-R, in 3 matched groups of homosexual men: 20 patients with Aids, 20 asymptomatic HIV-infected and 20 non-infected controls. The data was collected before the HAART (Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy) era. The results showed that the infected subjects more often concealed their homosexuality, engaged in more risky sexual behavior and were less inclined to regard AIDS as a serious problem.

Body mass index of 0 to 45-y-old Danes: reference values and comparison with published European reference values.

Objectives: To generate body mass index (weight/height(2) (kg/m(2)), BMI) reference values for 0 to 45-y-old Danes and compare these with published European reference values.

Subjects: A national sample used to generate the current Danish height and weight reference (29 106 measurements made 1965-1977; age 0-21 y; sample I), and four samples from Copenhagen (3391 measurements made 1981-1985; age 7-45 y; samples II-III and 2608 measurements made 1991-1994; age 6-45 y; samples IV-V).

Data Analysis: Using the LMS method, Danish BMI reference values by age and sex were constructed from samples I and II.

In vitro maturation and fertilization techniques for assessment of semen quality and boar fertility.

The reliability of using different in vitro-derived measures of sperm quality to predict boar fertility was examined. On three occasions during a 20-wk period of breeding, special collections of the first sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate from six boars were carried out. After in vitro capacitation procedures, three dilutions (5 x 10(5), 1.

Psychophysiological protective factors for male subjects at high risk for criminal behavior.

Objective: This study examines the role of elevated autonomic nervous system reactivity in protecting individuals at high risk for criminal behavior from antisocial outcomes. The authors hypothesized that subjects with criminal fathers who did not become criminals themselves were biologically protected from such an outcome because of, in part, heightened responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system.

Method: Ninety-four male subjects were placed into one of four study groups: criminal with criminal father (N = 26), noncriminal with criminal father (N = 24), criminal with noncriminal father (N = 20), and noncriminal with noncriminal father (N = 24).

[Behavior therapy for patients with dental fear].

Many dentists, in the course of their daily work with their patients, engage in a more or less explicit psychologic treatment of their patients where these evidence symptoms of odontophobia. In the case of many patients, the personal characteristics and individual psychologic skills of the dentist can be sufficient to the occasion, but for patients who suffer from serious phobic reactions to the dental situation, both good psychologic insight and experience are required in order that a psychologic treatment may be embarked upon with the prospect of a successful outcome. This article describes the various treatment techniques relevant to odontophobia which have their theoretical basis in the modern forms of behavior therapy.

[Psychologic considerations in the recording of dental anxiety].

The recording procedure is an especially important aspect of the psychologic treatment, since it contributes to the establishment of confidence between the dentist and his patient, and as such is an essential prerequisite to a successful treatment. The article argues that the registration should concern itself with situations and stimuli which have a traumatic character and with the associated learning processes. Furthermore recording of changes in behavior, somatic aspects of anxiety and of the emotional and cognitive aspects of anxiety should be involved.

[Psychology of phobias in relation to dental anxiety].

In this article the most important etiologic factors related to dental anxiety are presented and form the basis for the exposition of a model for the psychologic development of dental anxiety. The model shows that personality factors related to emotion and cognition can influence the development of dental anxiety. In order for the anxiety to develop and become manifest it is also necessary that: 1: the individual experiences a given stimulus as presenting a physical threat, e.

Conditioned emotional responding under diazepam: a psychophysiological study of state dependent learning.

An experimental study on 34 healthy male volunteers demonstrated that a therapeutic dose of diazepam (15 mg PO) influenced the reproduction of a conditioned emotional response (skin conductance activity) on subsequent test days. This effect depended upon the pharmacological state present at acquisition, and was in accordance with a drug-dissociation interpretation of diazepam's amnesic effect. The results are interpreted as an example of diazepam state-dependency effects upon development of behavioral tolerance to stress.

Genetic influences in criminal convictions: evidence from an adoption cohort.

The possibility that genetic factors are among the causes of criminal behavior was tested by comparing court convictions of 14,427 adoptees with those of their biological and adoptive parents. A statistically significant correlation was found between the adoptees and their biological parents for convictions of property crimes. This was not true with respect to violent crimes.