COVID-19 Diarrhea Is Inflammatory, Caused by Direct Viral Effects Plus Major Role of Virus-induced Cytokines.

Background & Aims: Diarrhea occurs in up to 50% of cases of COVID-19. Nonetheless, the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) have not been determined.

Methods: This was examined using normal human enteroid monolayers exposed apically to live SARS-CoV-2 or non-replicating virus-like particles (VLPs) bearing the 4 SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins or irradiated virus, all of which bound and entered enterocytes.

Ties in Tough Times: How Social Capital Helps Lower-Income Jewish Parents Weather the Economic Hardship of COVID-19.

In this exploratory study, we examined how social ties helped lower-income Jewish parents in the Greater Philadelphia area weather the COVID-19 pandemic. We interviewed 36 parents who self-identified as Jewish, had at least one school-age child, and earned less than the median Jewish household income in the Philadelphia area. We analyzed the data through the lens of social capital, focusing on three forms: bonding, bridging, and linking social capital.

SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels.

Diarrhea occurs in 2-50% of cases of COVID-19 (∼8% is average across series). The diarrhea does not appear to account for the disease mortality and its contribution to the morbidity has not been defined, even though it is a component of Long Covid or post-infectious aspects of the disease. Even less is known about the pathophysiologic mechanism of the diarrhea.

Not a family matter: The effects of religiosity on academic outcomes based on evidence from siblings.

Religiosity has been positively linked with multiple measures of academic success, but it is unclear whether the "effect" of religiosity on academic outcomes is causal or spurious. One source of heterogeneity that may contribute to a child's level of religiosity and his/her academic success is family background. This paper is the first to use sibling differences to estimate the associations between religiosity on short and long-term academic success.

Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration.

How predictable are life trajectories? We investigated this question with a scientific mass collaboration using the common task method; 160 teams built predictive models for six life outcomes using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a high-quality birth cohort study. Despite using a rich dataset and applying machine-learning methods optimized for prediction, the best predictions were not very accurate and were only slightly better than those from a simple benchmark model. Within each outcome, prediction error was strongly associated with the family being predicted and weakly associated with the technique used to generate the prediction.

The effects of organizational commitment and structural empowerment on patient safety culture.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between patient safety culture and two attitudinal constructs: affective organizational commitment and structural empowerment. In doing so, the main and interaction effects of the two constructs on the perception of patient safety culture were assessed using a cohort of physicians. Design/methodology/approach Affective commitment was measured with the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, whereas structural empowerment was assessed with the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II.

Addressing dysfunctional relations among healthcare teams: improving team cooperation through applied organizational theories.

Previous research has demonstrated that communication failure and interpersonal conflicts are significant impediments among health-care teams to assess complex information and engage in the meaningful collaboration necessary for optimizing patient care. Despite the prolific research on the role of effective teamwork in accomplishing complex tasks, such findings have been traditionally applied to business organizations and not medical contexts. This chapter, therefore, reviews and applies four theories from the fields of organizational behavior (OB) and organization development (OD) as potential means for improving team interaction in health-care contexts.

The patient-physician relationship in surgical students.

Background: Students may become less adept at developing strong patient-physician relationships during medical school. We evaluated whether students choosing careers in surgery show a similar negative trend.

Methods: Scores from 2 validated measurements of medical personality were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Improving comprehensive surgical resident training through use of the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory: results from a cohort-based trial.

Background: This study uses the NEO-Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO) to assess its value in identifying resident educational needs.

Methods: A cohort of surgical residents (n = 65) were administered the NEO. Statistical analysis compared the results between previously determined national norms and between varying resident demographics.

Ethical and legal issues in emergency research: barriers to conducting prospective randomized trials in an emergency setting.

Introduction: As in any area of medicine, clinical trials are crucial to the advancement of trauma care and the establishment of evidence-based guidelines. This work identifies consent regulations that impede advances in trauma resuscitation research and examines several ethical issues underlying current policies in the United States which regulate how clinical trials are conducted in an emergency setting. Trauma is a leading cause of mortality in the U.

Occupational eye injury and risk reduction: Kentucky workers' compensation claim analysis 1994-2003.

Background: Occupational eye injuries are a significant source of injury in the workplace. Little population-based research in the area has been conducted, and is necessary for developing and prioritizing effective interventions.

Methods: Workers' compensation data from the state of Kentucky for the years 1994-2003 were analysed by demographics, injury nature and cause, cost, and occupational and industrial characteristics.

Multilevel predictors of inconsistent condom use among adolescent mothers.

Objectives: We used Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory to identify factors that predicted never or sometimes using condoms in a multiethnic cohort of adolescent mothers.

Methods: We interviewed adolescent mothers within 48 hours of delivery and surveyed them 6 and 12 months after delivery (n = 636). We used multinomial logistic regression to identify individual-, dyad-, family-, and peer and community-level factors associated with never or sometimes using versus always using condoms during intercourse at 12 months postpartum.

Transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidant leadership characteristics of a surgical resident cohort: analysis using the multifactor leadership questionnaire and implications for improving surgical education curriculums.

Introduction: The need for leadership training has become recognized as being highly important to improving medical care, and should be included in surgical resident education curriculums.

Materials And Methods: Surgical residents (n = 65) completed the 5x-short version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire as a means of identifying leadership areas most in need of training among medical residents. The leadership styles of the residents were measured on 12 leadership scales.

An epidemiological and risk analysis of Virginia workers' compensation burn claims 1999 to 2002: identifying and prioritizing preventive workplace interventions.

Objective: This study examines workers' compensation burn claims from Virginia to assess risk factors and costs associated with occupational burn injuries.

Methods: Virginia workers' compensation burn claims for the period of 1999 to 2002 were analyzed. Claim rates were determined by using the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey for the working population of Virginia.

Adolescent occupational injuries and workplace risks: an analysis of Oregon workers' compensation data 1990-1997.

Purpose: Injuries to adolescents from occupational activities has been recognized as a significant public health concern. The objective of this study was to quantify adolescent injury rates, analyze risk factors, and measure the severity of injuries sustained using Oregon workers' compensation data.

Methods: From 1990-1997, a total of 8060 workers' compensation claims, submitted by claimants 16-19 years old, were accepted by Oregon and used in these analyses.

Assessment of communication skills of surgical residents using the Social Skills Inventory.

Background: Interpersonal and communication skills are 1 of the 6 core competencies articulated as essential to resident education by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The current study assessed verbal and nonverbal communication skills among surgical residents.

Methods: The communication skills of surgical residents (n = 64) were assessed using the Social Skills Inventory.

STK15 F31I polymorphism is associated with increased uterine cancer risk: a pilot study.

Objective: STK15 is a serine threonine kinase which assists chromosomal separation and mitotic spindle stability through interaction with the centrosome during mitosis. We hypothesized that STK15 polymorphisms might modulate the risk of uterine cancer.

Methods: We used a hospital-based case-control study to assess the association between STK15 polymorphisms and risk of uterine cancer.

Waitlist mortality decreases with increased use of extended criteria donor liver grafts at adult liver transplant centers.

Extended criteria donor (ECD) liver allografts are often allocated to less severely ill liver transplant (LT) candidates who are at a relatively lower risk of pretransplant mortality, but it is not clear that the use of ECD allografts will decrease center waitlist mortality (WLM). Individual patient data from the UNOS OPTN database (2002-2005) were aggregated to obtain center-specific data. Deceased donor allografts with any of the following characteristics were defined as ECDs: from a donor with any of the criteria described by the New York State Department of Health Workgroup; or 12+ h of cold ischemia.

An assessment and quantification of the rates, costs, and risk factors of occupational amputations: analysis of Kentucky workers' compensation claims, 1994-2003.

Background: Assessments of the impact of occupational amputations with outcomes of pain, disfigurement, and often an inability to return to the same job, are limited. The present study examines and quantifies the rates, risk factors, and costs of occupational amputations in the workplace in the State of Kentucky.

Methods: Worker's compensation data from 1994 through 2003 from Kentucky was used to investigate job-related amputations (n = 2,297).

Surveillance and assessment of workplace assault injuries: analysis of Rhode Island workers' compensation claims 1998-2002.

Objective: To analyze workplace assault by rate, injury severity, and trends using Rhode Island workers' compensation claim data.

Method: A total of 6402 workers' compensation assault claims from Rhode Island for the period of 1998 through 2002 was analyzed. Data from the U.

Assessment of occupational eye injury risk and severity: an analysis of Rhode Island workers' compensation data 1998-2002.

Background: Occupational eye injuries have been recognized as a serious health risk to workers and are in need of further investigation to develop effective interventions.

Methods: Rhode Island workers' compensation claims of ocular injury between 1998 through 2002 (n=8,877) were examined. The Current Population Survey was used to estimate occupational employment levels as a baseline for rate calculations.

An analysis of occupational burn injuries in Rhode Island: workers' compensation claims, 1998 to 2002.

Occupational burns have been determined to be a serious public health concern. The analysis of workplace risks and risk factors associated with burns are critical to developing effective interventions in the future. In this study, we examined accepted Rhode Island workers' compensation claims (n = 5619) from 1998 to 2002 to assess the rates and risks of occupational burns.

Incidence rates, costs, severity, and work-related factors of occupational dermatitis: a workers' compensation analysis of Oregon, 1990-1997.

Unlabelled: Objectives To extend and update past research on occupational dermatitis by examining recent workers' compensation claims data.

Design: Retrospective analysis of workers' compensation claims from Oregon (1990-1997).

Setting: All dermatitis-related workers' compensation claims were merged with US census data to estimate rates of dermatitis by age, sex, occupation, and industry.

Occupational injury among Rhode Island adolescents: an analysis of workers' compensation claims, 1998 to 2002.

Objectives: We sought to examine occupational injuries sustained by adolescent workers during a 5-year period.

Methods: Workers' compensation claims from Rhode Island were used to assess injuries of 15- to 19-year-old employees (n = 8321) from 1998 to 2002. Baseline employee population estimates were derived using the Current Population Survey.