Neural Variability and Cognitive Control in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.

Importance: Opioid use disorder (OUD) impacts millions of people worldwide. Prior studies investigating its underpinning neural mechanisms have not often considered how brain signals evolve over time, so it remains unclear whether brain dynamics are altered in OUD and have subsequent behavioral implications.

Objective: To characterize brain dynamic alterations and their association with cognitive control in individuals with OUD.

Brief report: effects of methylphenidate on the light adapted electroretinogram.

Purpose: To explore changes in the electroretinogram (ERG) following methylphenidate use in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: Light adapted ERGs were recorded in five individuals (3 male and 2 female, age range 13.6-21.

Mapping the structure-function relationship along macroscale gradients in the human brain.

Functional coactivation between human brain regions is partly explained by white matter connections; however, how the structure-function relationship varies by function remains unclear. Here, we reference large data repositories to compute maps of structure-function correspondence across hundreds of specific functions and brain regions. We use natural language processing to accurately predict structure-function correspondence for specific functions and to identify macroscale gradients across the brain that correlate with structure-function correspondence as well as cortical thickness.

Low-calorie diet-induced weight loss is associated with altered brain connectivity and food desire in obesity.

Objective: The main objective of this study is to better understand the effects of diet-induced weight loss on brain connectivity in response to changes in glucose levels in individuals with obesity.

Methods: A total of 25 individuals with obesity, among whom 9 had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after an 8-week low-calorie diet. We used a two-step hypereuglycemia clamp approach to mimic the changes in glucose levels observed in the postprandial period in combination with task-mediated fMRI intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD) analysis.

Investigating brain dynamics and their association with cognitive control in opioid use disorder using naturalistic and drug cue paradigms.

Objectives: Opioid use disorder (OUD) impacts millions of people worldwide. The prevalence and debilitating effects of OUD present a pressing need to understand its neural mechanisms to provide more targeted interventions. Prior studies have linked altered functioning in large-scale brain networks with clinical symptoms and outcomes in OUD.

Evaluation of a Nutrition Education and Skills Training programme in vulnerable adults who are at high risk of food insecurity.

Background: In Australia, the prevalence of food insecurity increased by 1.5% between 2014 and 2016 and 2018 and 2020 due to effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. OzHarvest offers a 6-week Nutrition Education and Skills Training (NEST) programme to adults at risk of food insecurity.

Where Are We and Where to Next?-The Future of Perianal Crohn's Disease Management.

Perianal fistulizing Crohn's Disease (pCD) affects about 25% of patients with Crohn's Disease (CD). It remains a difficult entity to manage with a therapeutic ceiling of treatment success despite improving medical and surgical management. The refractory nature of the disease calls for an imminent need to better understand its immunopathogenesis and classification to better streamline our treatment options.

Nanoparticulate Perovskites for Photocatalytic Water Reduction.

SrTiO and BaTiO nanoparticles (NPs) were activated using HO or aqueous HNO, and pristine and activated NPs were functionalized with a 2,2'-bipyridine phosphonic acid anchoring ligand (), followed by reaction with RuCl3HO and bpy, RhCl3HO and bpy, or RuCl3HO. The surface-bound metal complex functionalized NPs were used for the photogeneration of H from water, and their activity was compared to related systems using TiO NPs. The role of pH during surface complexation was found to be important.

Impact of postnatal weight gain on brain white matter maturation in very preterm infants.

Background And Purpose: Very preterm infants (VPIs, <32 weeks gestational age at birth) are prone to long-term neurological deficits. While the effects of birth weight and postnatal growth on VPIs' neurological outcome are well established, the neurobiological mechanism behind these associations remains elusive. In this study, we utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize how birth weight and postnatal weight gain influence VPIs' white matter (WM) maturation.

Clinical Promise of Brain-Phenotype Modeling: A Review.

Importance: Assessing the link between whole-brain activity and individual differences in cognition and behavior has the potential to offer insights into psychiatric disorder etiology and change the practice of psychiatry, from diagnostic clarification to intervention. To this end, recent application of predictive modeling to link brain activity to phenotype has generated significant excitement, but clinical applications have largely not been realized. This Review explores explanations for the as yet limited practical utility of brain-phenotype modeling and proposes a path forward to fulfill this clinical potential.

Brain responses to nutrients are severely impaired and not reversed by weight loss in humans with obesity: a randomized crossover study.

Post-ingestive nutrient signals to the brain regulate eating behaviour in rodents, and impaired responses to these signals have been associated with pathological feeding behaviour and obesity. To study this in humans, we performed a single-blinded, randomized, controlled, crossover study in 30 humans with a healthy body weight (females N = 12, males N = 18) and 30 humans with obesity (females N = 18, males N = 12). We assessed the effect of intragastric glucose, lipid and water (noncaloric isovolumetric control) infusions on the primary endpoints cerebral neuronal activity and striatal dopamine release, as well as on the secondary endpoints plasma hormones and glucose, hunger scores and caloric intake.

Association of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference With Imaging Metrics of Brain Integrity and Functional Connectivity in Children Aged 9 to 10 Years in the US, 2016-2018.

Importance: Aside from widely known cardiovascular implications, higher weight in children may have negative associations with brain microstructure and neurodevelopment.

Objective: To evaluate the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference with imaging metrics that approximate brain health.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to examine the association of BMI and waist circumference with multimodal neuroimaging metrics of brain health in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses over 2 years.

Why is everyone talking about brain state?

The rapid and coordinated propagation of neural activity across the brain provides the foundation for complex behavior and cognition. Technical advances across neuroscience subfields have advanced understanding of these dynamics, but points of convergence are often obscured by semantic differences, creating silos of subfield-specific findings. In this review we describe how a parsimonious conceptualization of brain state as the fundamental building block of whole-brain activity offers a common framework to relate findings across scales and species.

Soluble E-cadherin: A marker of genital epithelial disruption.

Problem: The genital epithelial barrier is a crucial first line of defence against HIV, and epithelial disruption may enhance HIV susceptibility. Assessment of genital epithelial integrity requires biopsies, but their collection is not practical in many research settings. A validated biomarker of genital epithelial barrier integrity would therefore be useful.

A generalizable connectome-based marker of in-scan sustained attention in neurodiverse youth.

Difficulty with attention is an important symptom in many conditions in psychiatry, including neurodiverse conditions such as autism. There is a need to better understand the neurobiological correlates of attention and leverage these findings in healthcare settings. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if it is possible to build dimensional predictive models of attentional state in a sample that includes participants with neurodiverse conditions.

Sex differences in default mode network connectivity in healthy aging adults.

Women show an increased lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with men. Characteristic brain connectivity changes, particularly within the default mode network (DMN), have been associated with both symptomatic and preclinical AD, but the impact of sex on DMN function throughout aging is poorly understood. We investigated sex differences in DMN connectivity over the lifespan in 595 cognitively healthy participants from the Human Connectome Project-Aging cohort.

Functional network properties derived from wide-field calcium imaging differ with wakefulness and across cell type.

To improve 'bench-to-bedside' translation, it is integral that knowledge flows bidirectionally-from animal models to humans, and vice versa. This requires common analytical frameworks, as well as open software and data sharing practices. We share a new pipeline (and test dataset) for the preprocessing of wide-field optical fluorescence imaging data-an emerging mode applicable in animal models-as well as results from a functional connectivity and graph theory analysis inspired by recent work in the human neuroimaging field.

Multitopic 3,2':6',3''-terpyridine ligands as 4-connecting nodes in two-dimensional 4,4-networks.

The tetratopic 1,4-bis(2-phenylethoxy)-2,5-bis(3,2':6',3''-terpyridin-4'-yl)benzene (1) and 1,4-bis(3-phenylpropoxy)-2,5-bis(3,2':6',3''-terpyridin-4'-yl)benzene (2) ligands have been prepared and fully characterised. Combination of ligand 1 or 2 and [M(hfacac)]·HO (M = Cu, = 1; M = Zn, = 2) under conditions of crystal growth by layering led to the formation of [Cu(hfacac)(1)] ·3.6(1,2-ClCH)·2CHCl, [Zn(hfacac)(1)] ·MeCH·1.

Hypoconnectivity between anterior insula and amygdala associates with future vulnerabilities in social development in a neurodiverse sample of neonates.

Altered resting state functional connectivity (FC) involving the anterior insula (aINS), a key node in the salience network, has been reported consistently in autism. Here we examined, for the first time, FC between the aINS and the whole brain in a sample of full-term, postmenstrual age (PMA) matched neonates (mean 44.0 weeks, SD = 1.

Gender-related association among childhood maltreatment, brain structure and clinical features in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) and exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM), which is present at high rates in BD, are both associated with hippocampus and prefrontal cortex structural alterations thought to contribute to clinical features. Gender-related differences are implicated in BD for CM exposure, brain structure and clinical features. However, relationships among these factors in BD are understudied.

Brain-phenotype models fail for individuals who defy sample stereotypes.

Individual differences in brain functional organization track a range of traits, symptoms and behaviours. So far, work modelling linear brain-phenotype relationships has assumed that a single such relationship generalizes across all individuals, but models do not work equally well in all participants. A better understanding of in whom models fail and why is crucial to revealing robust, useful and unbiased brain-phenotype relationships.

A Tail Does Not Always Make a Difference: Assembly of Nets from Co(NCS) and 1,4-bis(-Alkyloxy)-2,5-bis(3,2':6',3″-terpyridin-4'-yl)benzene Ligands.

The consistent assembly of a (6.8) net is observed in reactions of cobalt(II) thiocyanate with 1,4-bis(-alkyloxy)-2,5-bis(3,2':6',3″-terpyridin-4'-yl)benzene ligands in which the alkyloxy substituents are -propyl (ligand ), -butyl (), -pentyl (), -hexyl (), -heptyl (), and -octyl (). Crystals were grown by layering a methanol solution of Co(NCS) over a 1,2-dichlorobenzene solution of each ligand.