Comparing Large Language Model and Human Reader Accuracy with Image Challenge Case Image Inputs.

Background Application of multimodal large language models (LLMs) with both textual and visual capabilities has been steadily increasing, but their ability to interpret radiologic images is still doubted. Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of LLMs and compare it with that of human readers with varying levels of experience and to assess the factors affecting LLM accuracy in answering Image Challenge cases. Materials and Methods Radiologic images of cases from October 13, 2005, to April 18, 2024, were retrospectively reviewed.

The "Hedgehog-Halo Sign" Is Associated with Gait Symptom Severity and Tap Response in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Background: Reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), but the radiologic marker is yet to be elucidated.

Objectives: This open-label study presents two novel neuroimaging biomarkers based on enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) of the sub-insular territory: the Hedgehog and Hedgehog-Halo (H-H) sign, designed to predict gait symptom severity and tap response in NPH.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 203 patients with possible NPH with baseline magnetic resonance imaging and gait analyses before and after lumbar puncture (LP).

Rationally Designed Mo/Ru-Based Multi-Site Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst for Accelerated Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

The rational design of multi-site electrocatalysts with three different functions for facile HO dissociation, H-H coupling, and rapid H release is desirable but difficult to achieve. This strategy can accelerate the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under alkaline conditions. To resolve this issue, a Mo/Ru-based catalyst with three different active sites (Ru/MoC/MoO) is rationally designed and its performance in alkaline HER is evaluated.

Fluid biomarkers in the context of amyloid-targeting disease-modifying treatments in Alzheimer's disease.

Clinical management and therapeutics development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have entered a new era, with recent approvals of monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and modifying its trajectory. Imaging and fluid biomarkers are becoming increasingly important in the clinical development of AD therapeutics. This review focuses on the evidence of fluid biomarkers from recent amyloid-β-targeting clinical trials, summarizing biomarker data across 12 trials.

IL-2 family cytokines IL-9 and IL-21 differentially regulate innate and adaptive type 2 immunity in asthma.

Background: Asthma is often accompanied by type 2 immunity rich in IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines produced by T2 lymphocytes or type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). IL-2 family cytokines play a key role in the differentiation, homeostasis, and effector function of innate and adaptive lymphocytes.

Objective: IL-9 and IL-21 boost activation and proliferation of T2 and ILC2s, but the relative importance and potential synergism between these γ common chain cytokines are currently unknown.

Amelioration of Photoreceptor Degeneration by Intravitreal Transplantation of Retinal Progenitor Cells in Rats.

Photoreceptor degeneration is a major cause of untreatable blindness worldwide and has recently been targeted by emerging technologies, including cell- and gene-based therapies. Cell types of neural lineage have shown promise for replacing either photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelial cells following delivery to the subretinal space, while cells of bone marrow lineage have been tested for retinal trophic effects following delivery to the vitreous cavity. Here we explore an alternate approach in which cells from the immature neural retinal are delivered to the vitreous cavity with the goal of providing trophic support for degenerating photoreceptors.

Alveolar Ridge Preservation Using a Collagenated Xenograft: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of cancellous bovine bone mineral granules and 10% porcine collagen (deproteinized bovine bone mineral with collagen [DBBM-C]; (OCS-B Collagen® [Straumann XenoFlex], NIBEC, Korea) in a mouldable block form, with or without socket seal, using autogenous free gingival graft (FGG).

Methods: Fifty-four patients were included and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) spontaneous healing (control group), (2) alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) using DBBM-C (DBBM-C group), and (3) ARP employing DBBM-C sealed with FGG (DBBM-C/FGG group). Bone biopsy and implant fixture placement were performed 180 days after ARP.

Mixture of and Extracts Ameliorates Sleep Quality of Adults with Sleep Disturbance.

Chronic sleep disturbance affects daily functioning, leading to decreased concentration, fatigue, and higher healthcare costs. Traditional insomnia medications are often associated with adverse side effects. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel compound derived from and extracts (named RNE) in improving sleep quality with fewer side effects.

Trial of Thrombectomy for Stroke with a Large Infarct of Unrestricted Size.

Background: The use of thrombectomy in patients with acute stroke and a large infarct of unrestricted size has not been well studied.

Methods: We assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, patients with proximal cerebral vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and a large infarct (as defined by an Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomographic Score of ≤5; values range from 0 to 10) detected on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography within 6.5 hours after symptom onset to undergo endovascular thrombectomy and receive medical care (thrombectomy group) or to receive medical care alone (control group).

Supplementation of Heat-Treated nF1 Changes the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Infants.

Background: Imbalance of the gut microbiome and decrease in the number of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria often affect human health by altering intestinal and immune homeostasis. The use of probiotics has been shown to be an attractive method to modulate gut microbiota to prevent or treat intestinal dysbiosis. Likewise, this study aimed to determine whether the oral consumption of heat-treated nF1 (HLp-nF1) induces changes in the gut environment in healthy infants by measuring changes in fecal SCFAs.

Near-Infrared II Photobiomodulation Preconditioning Ameliorates Stroke Injury via Phosphorylation of eNOS.

Background: The current management of patients with stroke with intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy is effective only when it is timely performed on an appropriately selected but minor fraction of patients. The development of novel adjunctive therapy is highly desired to reduce morbidity and mortality with stroke. Since endothelial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke and is featured with suppressed endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) with concomitant nitric oxide deficiency, restoring endothelial nitric oxide represents a promising approach to treating stroke injury.

Detection of Acute Brain Injury in Intensive Care Unit Patients on ECMO Support Using Ultra-Low-Field Portable MRI: A Retrospective Analysis Compared to Head CT.

Early detection of acute brain injury (ABI) is critical to intensive care unit (ICU) patient management and intervention to decrease major complications. Head CT (HCT) is the standard of care for the assessment of ABI in ICU patients; however, it has limited sensitivity compared to MRI. We retrospectively compared the ability of ultra-low-field portable MR (ULF-pMR) and head HCT, acquired within 24 h of each other, to detect ABI in ICU patients supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

In Vivo 3-Dimensional Dynamic Evaluation of Shoulder Kinematics After the Latarjet Procedure: Comparison With the Contralateral Healthy Shoulder.

Background: Researchers have attempted to understand the underlying mechanism of the Latarjet procedure; however, its effects on shoulder kinematics have not been well studied.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose was to analyze shoulder kinematics after the Latarjet procedure. It was hypothesized that the nonanatomic transfer of the coracoid process during the procedure would affect normal shoulder kinematics.

Durability of Protection Against COVID-19 Through the Delta Surge for the NVX-CoV2373 Vaccine.

Background: Protein-based vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provide a traditional vaccine platform with long-lasting protection for non-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogens and may complement messenger RNA vaccines as a booster dose. While NVX-CoV2373 showed substantial early efficacy, the durability of protection has not been delineated.

Methods: The PREVENT-19 vaccine trial used a blinded crossover design; the original placebo arm received NVX-CoV2373 after efficacy was established.

The age-specific comorbidity burden of mild cognitive impairment: a US claims database study.

Background: Identifying individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who are likely to progress to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia disorders (ADRD) would facilitate the development of individualized prevention plans. We investigated the association between MCI and comorbidities of ADRD. We examined the predictive potential of these comorbidities for MCI risk determination using a machine learning algorithm.

Aurora A kinase inhibition induces accumulation of SCLC tumor cells in mitosis with restored interferon signaling to increase response to PD-L1.

Despite small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) having a high mutational burden, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy only modestly increases survival. A subset of SCLCs that lose their ASCL1 neuroendocrine phenotype and restore innate immune signaling (termed the "inflammatory" subtype) have durable responses to PD-L1. Some SCLCs are highly sensitive to Aurora kinase inhibitors, but early-phase trials show short-lived responses, suggesting effective therapeutic combinations are needed to increase their durability.

Prevalence and impact of diabetes on survival of patients with multiple myeloma in different racial groups.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is twice as common in Black individuals compared with in White individuals, and diabetes mellitus (DM) disproportionately affects Black patients. Although numerous studies have shown a correlation between DM and MM, this has not been studied in the context of race and in vivo mechanisms. We conducted a retrospective clinical study of 5383 patients with MM of which 15% had DM (White, 12% and Black, 25%).

Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided or Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The OCTIVUS Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Intravascular imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed superior clinical outcomes compared with angiography-guided PCI. However, the comparative effectiveness of OCT-guided and IVUS-guided PCI regarding clinical outcomes is unknown.

Methods: In this prospective, multicenter, open-label, pragmatic trial, we randomly assigned 2008 patients with significant coronary artery lesions undergoing PCI in a 1:1 ratio to undergo either an OCT-guided or IVUS-guided PCI.

A randomized controlled clinical evaluation of desensitization efficacy of a newly developed toothpaste with highly stabilized SnF₂.

Purpose: To assess the relief of dentin hypersensitivity of the new toothpaste with stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF₂) versus a marketed standard fluoride toothpaste as a negative control and a marketed anhydrous SnF₂ toothpaste as a positive control.

Methods: This was a single-centered, randomized, controlled, double blind, clinical trial. 96 participants with hypersensitivity were enrolled in this 4-week clinical study.