Human primary adipocytes exhibit immune cell function: adipocytes prime inflammation independent of macrophages.

Background: Obesity promotes inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) and this is implicated in pathophysiological complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although based on the classical hypothesis, necrotic AT adipocytes (ATA) in obese state activate AT macrophages (ATM) that then lead to a sustained chronic inflammation in AT, the link between human adipocytes and the source of inflammation in AT has not been in-depth and systematically studied. So we decided as a new hypothesis to investigate human primary adipocytes alone to see whether they are able to prime inflammation in AT.

The p62 antibody reveals various cytoplasmic protein aggregates in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6.

Neuronal protein aggregates are considered as pathological hallmarks of various human neurodegenerative diseases, including the so-called CAG-repeat disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia Type 6 (SCA6). Since the immunocytochemical findings of an initial post-mortem study using a specific antibody against the disease protein of SCA6 (i.e.

Ontogenesis of peripheral electromagnetic receptors in hornets.

This article traces the ontogenesis of peripheral electromagnetic receptors (PER) in the cuticle of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). In the abdominal cuticle of adult hornets, the PERs are densely distributed throughout, but there are even more than 30 at the margins of the segments. These organelles develop as a network in the hornet cuticle immediately upon its completion.

A keystone-like grain in hornet comb cells: its nature and physical properties.

In the roof of cells built by the Oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis (Vespinae, Hymenoptera), there is one or more grains differing in their composition and shape from the surrounding structures. These grains have a diameter of 100-200 microm and protrude slightly from the roof inward. They contain primarily a large percentage of Ti but also Fe and occasionally Si.

Histopathology of biocompatible hydroxylapatite-polyethylene composite in ossiculoplasty.

The biocompatibility of hydroxylapatite-polyethylene composite implants (HAPEX, Smith and Nephew) was investigated in this study. Eleven middle ear prostheses, removed during revision surgery, have been examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the middle ear prostheses become overgrown by fibrous tissue inside a thin epithelial layer.